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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the normal microflora? |
Genera/species found frequently at specific body sites |
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How many cells does the human body comprise of? |
10*14 cells. Only 10% are human |
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How do we acquire microorganisms? |
Airborne Waterborne Food borne(ingestion) Open wounds(skin openings) Inhalation(environmental microbes) Congenital(transplacental) Animals/Insects bites |
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What happens to acquired Microorganisms? |
Most will be eliminated, some become part of normal microflora and some will cause disease. |
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What are possible consequence of host-microbe interactions? |
Infection-Elimination Infection-Colonisation-Commensalism-Disease Infection-Colonisation-Initial damage-Persistence(Latency)-Possible reactivation Infection-damage-disease-eliminationHow does colonisation occur? |
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How does colonisation occur? |
Colonisation occurs with multiplication and spread |
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What is commensalism? |
Normal microflora |
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What is the normal microflora? |
Microorganisms that are routinely found at a particular body site. |
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When are normal microflora acquired? |
They are acquired during and shortly after birth mostly in the first 2 weeks of life. Composition of normal flora is stable once established. |
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How is the normal microflora distributed? |
Each area of the body is selective in species that can colonise due to differences in temp, pH, nutrients and oxygen levels. |
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Are particular microorganisms only allowed colonies a specific area.? |
Some organisms like Candida albicans(yeast) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(a bacterium) |
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What is the normal flora of the skin? |
Mainly gram +ve bacteria(staphylococci, streptococci, propionibacteria) and yeasts |
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What is the normal flora of the oral cavity? |
Streptococci, actinomyces, aerobes, anaerobes, Candida |
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What is the normal flora of the upper bowel? |
Enterobacteriaceae, enterococci, candida |
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What is the normal bacteria of the lower bowel? |
Bactericides, clostridia, bifidobacteria, peptostreptococci(all anaerobic) |
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What is the normal microflora of the stomach? |
Lactobacillus, Candida, Streptococcus, Helicobacter Pylori, Peptostreptococcus |
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What is the normal microflora of the colon? |
Bactericides, Clostridium groups IV and XIV, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae |
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What is the normal microflora of the distal ileum? |
Clostridium, Streptococcus, Bactericides, Actinomyces, Corynebacteria |
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What is the microflora of Proximal Ileum, jejunum, duodenum? |
Streptococcus, Lactobacillus |
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What has the human microbiome project found? |
1000 microbial species per individual 10000 microbial species in global pool 8 million microbial genes |
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What are the beneficial activities of normal microflora? |
Suppress growth and block attachment of other pathogenic microorganisms. Provide essential nutrients-organic acids, vitamin B7(biotin), vitamin k Low level antigenic stimulation of immune response |
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What do 'germ free' animals require? |
They require large amounts of Vitamin B and K in diet and have low antibody titres. |
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Normal microflora can cause infection/disease following |
following trauma, immunosuppression, antibiotic therapy and a reservoir for antibiotic-resistance genes. |
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What are the functions of normal microflora? |
Occupy binding sites Outcompete nutrients Inhibitory products Immune stimulation Nutrient provision |
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What are the functions of pathogens? |
Large inoculum Antibiotics Charge in host status Tissue damage |
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Colonisations with commensal microorganisms |
protection |
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Colonisation with pathogenic microorganisms |
disease |
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How much weight does the bacteria Akkermansia municiphila make up? |
3-5% of gut bacteria |
