Normal Lab Values

Front 1

Sodium

Back 1

135-145 mEq/L

Front 2

Potassium

Back 2

3.5-5.1 mEq/L

Front 3

Chloride

Back 3

98-107 mEq/L

Front 4

Bicarbonate (venous)

Back 4

22-29 mEq/L

Front 5

aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time)--evaluates how well the coagulation sequence is functioning by measuring the amount of time it takes in seconds for recalcified citrated plasma to clot after partial thromboplastin is added to it; screens for deficiencies and inhibitors of all factors, except VII and XIII

Back 5

20-36 seconds; should be 1.5-2.5 times normal when client is on heparin

Front 6

PT--prothrombin time--measures the amount of time it takes in seconds for clot formation; prothrombin is a vitamin K dependent glycoprotein produced by the liver that is necessary for fibrin clot formation

Back 6

adult male--9.6-11.8 seconds
adult female--9.5-11.3 seconds
PT >30 seconds places the client at risk for bleeding

Front 7

INR--international normalized ratio

Back 7

2.0-3.0 for standard warfarin therapy
3.0-4.5 for high dose warfarin therapy

Front 8

Clotting time--the time required for the interaction of all factors involved in the clotting process

Back 8

8 to 15 minutes

Front 9

Platelet count

Back 9

150,000 to 400,000 cells/mm3

Front 10

ESR--erythrocyte sedimentation rate--rate at which erythrocytes settle out of anticoagulated blood in 1 hour--When an inflammatory process is present, the high proportion of fibrinogen in the blood causes red blood cells to stick to each other. The red cells form stacks called 'rouleaux,' which settle faster.

Back 10

0 to 30 mm/hr, depending on age of client

Front 11

HGB--hemoglobin--the main component of erythrocytes and serves as the vehicle for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide

Back 11

male adult--14 to 16.5 g/dL
female adult--12 to 15 g/dL

Front 12

Hct--hematocrit--red blood cell mass

Back 12

male adult--42% to 52%
female adult--35% to 47%

Front 13

Iron--acts as a carrier of oxygen from lungs to the tissues and indirectly aids in the return of CO2 to the lungs

Back 13

male adult--65 to 175 mcg/dL
female adult--50 to 170 mcg/dL

Front 14

RBCs--Red blood cells--hemoglobin transport; life span 120 days; formed by red bone marrow

Back 14

male adult--4.5 to 6.2 million/microliter
female adult--4.0 to 5.5 million/microliter

Front 15

CK--creatine kinase--an enzyme found in muscle and brain tissue that reflects catabolism resulting from cell trauma; rises within 6 hours of muscle damage, peaks at 18 hours; and returns to normal 2-3 days

Back 15

26 to 174 units/L

Front 16

CK-MB--cardiac creatine kinase

Back 16

0% to 5% of total

Front 17

CK-MM--muscles creatine kinase

Back 17

95% to 100% of total

Front 18

CK-BB--brain creatine kinase

Back 18

0%

Front 19

LDH--lactated dehydrogenase--An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate--LDH is released into the bloodstream when cells die

Back 19

140 to 280 units/L

Front 20

LDH isoenzymes affected by acute MI
LDH 1 (heart and RBCs)
LDH 2 (reticuloendothelial system)
--rise about 24 hours after MI
--peaks in 48-72 hours
--normal within 7 to 14 days
--when LDH 1 > LDH 2, helpful in dx of MI

Back 20

LDH 1---14 to 26%
LDH 2---29 to 39%

Front 21

Troponin--a regulatory protein found in striated muscle (skeletal and myocardial)
--elevate as early as 3 hours post MI
--Troponin I elevated for 7-10 days
--Troponin I binds to actin in thin myofilaments to hold the troponin-tropomyosin complex in place
--Troponin T binds to tropomyosin, interlocking them to form a troponin-tropomyosin complex
--Troponin T elevated for 10-14 days

Back 21

Troponin I-- <0.6 ng/mL; >1.5 ng/ml indicates MI
Troponin T-- >0.1-0.2 ng/mL indicates MI

Front 22

Myoglobin--an oxygen binding protein found in striated (cardiac and skeletal) muscle that releases oxygen at very low tensions; an injury to skeletal muscle will cause a release of myoglobin into the blood
--can rise as early as 2 hours after MI
--rapid decline after 7 hours
--limited use in dx of MI b/c rapid rise and decline and not cardiac specific

Back 22

<90 mcg/L; elevation could indicate MI

Front 23

Albumin--main plasma protein of blood; maintains oncotic pressure and transports bilirubin, fatty acids, medications, hormones, and other substances that are insoluble in water; detectable in urine is indicative of abnormal renal function
--increases in dehydration, diarrhea, metastatic CA,
--decreases in acute infection, ascites, alcoholism

Back 23

3.4 to 5 g/dL

Front 24

alkaline phosphatase--an enzyme normally found in bone, liver, intestine, and placenta; rises during bone growth, liver disease, and bile duct obstruction

Back 24

4.5 to 13 King Armstrong units/dL

Front 25

Ammonia--a byproduct of protein catabolism; created by bacteria acting on proteins present in gut; metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys as urea; elevated resulting from hepatic dysfunction may lead to encephalopathy

Back 25

35 to 65 mg/dL

Front 26

Amylase--an enzyme produced by the pancrease aids in digestion by breaking down complex carbs; excreted by the kidneys

Back 26

25 to 151 units/L

Front 27

Lipase--pancreatic enzyme converts fats and triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

Back 27

10 to 140 units/L

Front 28

Bilirubin--produced by the liver, spleen, and bone marrow; byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown
--broken down into direct or indirect bilirubin
--direct bilirubin excreted out
--indirect bilirubin circulates in bloodstream

Back 28

bilirubin, direct (conjugated)--0 to 0.3 mg/dL
bilirubin, indirect (unconjugated)--0.1 to 1.0 mg/dL
bilirubin, total--less than 1.5 mg/dL

Front 29

Lipids
--cholesterol
--low density lipoproteins
--high density lipoproteins
--triglycerides

Back 29

Lipids
--cholesterol--140 to 199 mg/dL
--low density lipoproteins--<130 mg/dL
--high density lipoproteins--30-70
--triglycerides--<200 mg/dL

Front 30

Proteins

Back 30

6 to 8 g/dL

Front 31

UA--uric acid--formed as purines adenine and guanine
--increase deposits in joints and soft tissue cause gout
--increased cellular turnover, slow renal excretion of UA--hyperuricemia
--high UA leads to urate stones in the kidneys

Back 31

male adult--4.5 to 8 mg/dL
female adult--2.5 to 6.2 mg/dL

Front 32

Glucose, fasting

Back 32

70 to 110 mg/dL

Front 33

glucose monitoring, capillary blood

Back 33

60 to 110 mg/dL

Front 34

glucose tolerance test, oral
--baseline fasting
--30 min fasting
--60 min fasting
--90 min fasting
--120 min fasting

Back 34

glucose tolerance test, oral
--baseline fasting--70-110 mg/dL
--30 min fasting--110-170
--60 min fasting--120-170
--90 min fasting--100-140
--120 min fasting--70-120

Front 35

glucose, 2 hour postprandial

Back 35

less than 140 mg/dL

Front 36

hemoglobin A1C--glycosylated hemoglobin--blood glucose bound to hemoglobin--reflection of how well blood glucose levels have been controlled for the past 3-4 months

Back 36

percentage of total hgb
--diabetics with good control--<7%
--diabetics with fair control--7-8%
--diabetics with poor control-->8%

Front 37

fructosamine--glycosylated serum albumin--reflects average serum glucose levels over a period of 2-3 weeks; more sensitive to recent changes than HbA1c; client needs to fast prior to

Back 37

nondiabetic--1.5 to 2.7 mmol/L
diabetic--2.0 to 5.0 mmol/L

Front 38

serum creatinine--a specific indicator of renal function; high indicates slow GFR; avoid excessive exercise prior to

Back 38

0.6 to 1.3 mg/dL

Front 39

BUN--blood urea nitrogen--indicates slowing of the GFR

Back 39

8 to 25 mg/dL

Front 40

Calcium--aids in blood clotting by converting prothrombin to thrombin; funxtions in bone formation, nerve impulse transmission, and contraction of myocardial and skeletal muscles

Back 40

8.6 to 10 mg/dL

Front 41

Magnesium--to determine metabolic activity and renal function; needed in blood clotting, regulates neuromuscular activity, cofactor that modifies enzymes, has an effect on metabolism of calcium

Back 41

1.6 to 2.6 mg/dL

Front 42

Phosphorus--important in bone formation, energy storage and release, urinary acid-base buffering, and carb metabolism, absorbed from food and is excreted by the kidneys

Back 42

2.7 to 4.5 mg/dL

Front 43

thyrotropin--thryoid stimulating hormone

Back 43

0.2 to 5.4 microunits/mL

Front 44

thyroxine (T4)

Back 44

5.0 to 12 mcg/dL

Front 45

Thyroxine free, FT4

Back 45

0.8 to 2.4 ng/dL

Front 46

T3, triiodothyronine

Back 46

80 to 230 ng/dL

Front 47

WBC
--left shift = increased release of neutrophils by bone marrow due to overwhelming infection or inflammation
--shift to the right = cells have more than usual number of nuclear segments; found in liver dz, down syndrome, megaloblastic and pernicious anemia

Back 47

4500 to 11000

Front 48

urine specific gravity

Back 48

1.016 to 1.022