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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Order of brain covers from outermost(skull...parencyma)? composition/main fauture of each layer/space?
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Dura- dense collagenous tissue; bleeding outside = epidural hemtoma (middle meningeal artery from temporal bone fracture)
Sudural space- potential; only exists if subdural hematoma- veins nicked during trauma Arachnoid- made of fibroblasts and meningiothelial cells -very thin layer Sub arachnoid space- area where CSF travels/blood vessels PIA- literally covering parenchyma |
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How can infections/tumor cell metasteses get into parenchyma of brain?
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travel in blood in subarachnoid space and dive in at perivascular spaces
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What are contained in Nissle bodies?
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RER and polyribosomes
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100 billion neurons in brain; how many in cerebellum and how many in cortex?
How many cell layers in cortex? What layers are output? what special cell type? |
80% cerebellum, 20% Neocortex
6 layers; largest layer varies by region; layers 3/5 are efferent (Pyramidal Cells) i.e Motor cortex- 5 largest due to output, occipital- 4 largest due to afferent nature |
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When do neurons become "red"? look like a flame?
Understand plaque vs. tangle distinctions! |
with irreversible ischemic injury! normally, everything is purple!
Flame= neurofibrillary tangles associated with Alzheimer's disease |
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What disease process causes the formation of Lewy Bodies? Where? What protein found here? What look like?
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Parkinson's. In substantia Nigra. alpha synuclein.
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How do astrocytes respond during brain injury? what gets overexpressed and can be detected on stain? Purpose?
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they hypertrophy and express GFAP. Purpose is to extend foot processes to blood vessels to protect BBB.
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What do oligo's look like?
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Halo around a nucleus.
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How will you know if you are in white matter?
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Look for abundance of OLIGOS... always around neurons.
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What area of the hippocampus is most sensitive to ischemia, seizures, and early degeneration from Alzheimers?
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CA1 region
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What do ependymal cells do? Do they express GFAP? Why?
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Line lateral ventricles, Sub arach space, and anywhere that touches CSF. YES since they are glially derived.
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What are common sites of atheroma, leading to TIA's?
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points of bifurcation
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What does ACA supply?
What does MCA supply? What does PCA supply? |
1. medial aspects of both hemispheres and corpus callosum
2. lateral aspects of both hemispheres 3. inferior and medial aspects of temporal and occipital lobes |
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Why a pale infarct? red infarct? Where are emboli most likely going to occlude?
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Thrombus- leads to ischemia and necrosis/edema
red = embolus that has broken down and blood reperfused necrotic area Most likely going to occlude distal arteries off of the MCA due to direct path from Heart/int carotid..can by unilateral and minimal consequences |
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What is a watershed infarct? Why caused?
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Lack of perfusion to areas that rely on MCA/PCA overlap...due to hypotensive crisis
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When does brain death (lack of perfusion) occur?
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When intracranial pressure > vascular BP...due to edema
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Hypertensive damage? what does it due to microvasculature? result? areas most susceptible in brain 2?
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degenerates micrvasculature at pts of athlersclerosis.. results in hemorrhage... Thalamus and basal ganglia
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What is a sacular aneurysm? Where arise from in general and what is most common location? Anterio or posterior?
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Arise from a ruptured large artery in circle of Willis... 90% occur in ANTERIOR portion of circle... generally seen in 30-50 y/o with HPT and minimal symptoms b4
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