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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Decades, time period, the period and what they focused on
Classifying Nonverbal Behaviors What are the functions of nonverbal communication? |
Creating impressions
Managing interactions Expressing emotions sending relational messages (how we feel about the other person) Sending incongruent or deceptive messages Influence others |
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3 primary units
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Communication environment
Physical characteristics of communicators Various behaviors of communicators |
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Communication Environment
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Physical environment- your room (how are we using our personal space) Territory (things you have possession over)
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Physical Characteristics of communicators
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Appearance and adornments
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Various behaviors of communicators
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Kinesics (oculesics, gestures, facial expressions) vocalics, contact (touch)
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HISTORY OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
When did it start? |
pre 20th century
late 1800's |
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"The expression of Emotion in man and Animal"
Who said this? And in what year? |
Darwin 1872
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who was the first to say we have universal expressions? We all express emotions in the same way...
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DARWIN
(?) double check this one |
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Early 20th century
Who holds about PHYSIQUE and CHARACTER? And in what year? |
Kretschmer (1925)
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What does Kretschmer talk about and in what year?
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PHYSIQUE AND CHARACTER CORRELATION in 1925
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what were the three body types that Kretschmer talked about?
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Mesomorph
Ectomorph Endomorph |
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Who talked of GESTURE AND ENVIRONMENT? And in what year?
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Efron 1941
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Efron talked of what? And in what year?
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GESTURE and ENVIRONMENT. In 1941
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What did Birdwhistell talk about and in what year?
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Introduction to kinesics, 1952
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What did Birdwhistell say we should be able to do with non verbal?
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He says we should be able to decode it like an actual language.
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50's
No one really adopted Birdwhistells approach on nonverbal..why? |
It is to complex to be put into a language!
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Who talked about Nonverbal communication as: Notes on the visual perception of human relation? And in what year?
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Ruesch & Kees in 1956
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Who speaker of silent language? And in what year?
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HALL 1959
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60's
Who spoke of Pygmalion in the classroom? And in what year? |
Rosenthal & Jacobson.
1968 |
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Who is associated with the origins, uses, and coding of Nonverbal Behavior? FACIAL AFFECT CODING SYSTEM...
And what year? |
Ekman and Friesen
1969 |
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Ekman and Friesen were the originators of the ______ ______ ______ ______
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Facial Affect Coding System (FACS)
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Whats the FACS?
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Facial Affect Coding System
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70's
Fast is associated with... (is this a person?) what year? |
Body Language
1970 (what does this mean?) (What about Body Language?) |
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Knapp is associated with what? and in what year?
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Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction.
The FIRST TEXTBOOK |
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Who invented the first textbook for nonverbal communication in Human Interaction?
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KNAPP
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80's
Nonverbal Behavior: a functional Perspective. (what is this? A book?) Who is associated with this? |
Patterson
1983 |
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90's and early 2000's
What approaches did they use in this era? |
Perception (the researchers perspective)
They decided to ask the ACTUAL communicators Biology Technology |
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What did they do with technology to contribute to nonverbal communication in the 90's and early 2000's?
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Whats going on in the brain. They used a MRI
and advent of texting, talking over the phone. |
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Whats the Future Emphasis for Nonverbal Communication?
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Mutual influence- 2 people or more in a conversation (what one person does influences the other. We NEED to understand how we influence each other not just how one person acts
Integrated approach Interplay of biology and culture (nature AND nurture_ Changes over time (snap shot studies) |
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who is associated with emotion recognition
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Ekman & friesen
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ENCODING AND DECODING NONVERBAL SKILLS
What factors or characteristics are related to encoding skill? Encoding skills |
controllability of channel
intensity of physiological arousal individual differences -tendency or spontaneous expression. (very expressive people) -Demeanor (either playing them up or compensating for them) -Personality Characteristics (extroverted means you have more of an encoder) Self monitoring- To what degree are you monitoring the behavior during interaction. |
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Does extroverted mean you have more of an encoder?
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True
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High Self monitors Vs Low Self Monitors
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High Self Monitor- Whats going to make me more effective in this particular situation
Low Self Monitor- This is how i am, and thats how i am going to act in certain situations |
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Test of encoding skills
name 2 |
Affective communication Test (ACT) - "I show that I like someone by hugging or touching that person."
Movement-Mirroing Test (MMT) |
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DECODING SKILL
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Personality characteristics
Need for social inclusion Similarity- The more similar you are to a person, the more you will be able to decode their non verbal. Sex- Just like with encoding, women tend to do better than men but they are BARELY better according to research. |
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Are high self monitors better with decoding skills?
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YES
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Tests of decoding ability
name 3 |
Profile of nonverbal sensitive (PONS)
Diagnostic Analysis of nonverbal accuracy (DANVA) Japanese and Caucasian Brief Affect Recognition (GET THE REST FROM SOMEONE) |
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The first and the most elaborate test. Takes 45 minutes for each participate. (The example we did in class with the black and white girl)
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PROFILE OF NONVERBAL SENSITIVITY. (PONS) Test
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ENCODING AND DECODING
If we're good at one, are we good at the other? |
Not necessarily
-Weak association between the two skills |
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Common observational problems
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-Biases/Expectations (our brains want to reassure our expectations and not try and make up new stuff that goes along with what happens
-Bad memory -Fatigue (we have all these stimulus coming at us, so we get tired of having to filter them all out so we just go with the easy route. |
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Observational Skills (How can we be a good observer)
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-Understand human perceptual limitations
-Have a flexibility between focusing on details and the larger skills |
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NONVERBAL METHODS
What are the two different approaches to research? |
?
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What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?
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?
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What are the 4 major methods used in nonverbal research?
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1st Laboratory Experiments
2nd- Field experiments 3rd- Controlled observations 4th- Naturalistic observations |
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1. Laboratory Methods
Explain and advantages and disadvantages |
(Cause and Effect)
two different conditions and you will assign it to two people. (Smiling example) EVERYTHING is perfect in a lab. very controlled. |
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2. Field experiments
Explain and advantages and disadvantages |
Cause and effect
Out in the field (not in a lab) More real life situation Outside variables can screw it up |
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3rd- Controlled observations
Explain and advantages and disadvantages |
Great- you have control over extreme factors
Can be done in multiple different setting. One condition. You ask everyone have a conversation |
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4th- Naturalistic Observation
Explain and advantages and disadvantages |
Just to describe behavior
Take people in natural setting without them knowing You want to describe one nonverbal behavior (with pre school Children, general population, etc.. |
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What are the different ways to gather data?
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Field notes
Diaries- Asking participants to giving you information Surveys (social desirability bias that we like to present ourselves in better light. Physiological responses (hormones, cortisone levels, heartbeat) Observation Measurement Systems |
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Whats the difference between rating scales and coding systems in observational measures?
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Coding Scheme-
-VERY PRECISE. -VERY SPECIFIC. -Really accurate picture of what is displayed Downside- VERY Time consuming. We may not get the social meaning, feeling and context of a conversation from this system. RATING SCALE -Much more economical. Downside- You don't really know how the nonverbal behaviors are waited. More general. More subjective because the train observer is meant to make an inference. |