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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Decades, time period, the period and what they focused on

Classifying Nonverbal Behaviors
What are the functions of nonverbal communication?
Creating impressions

Managing interactions

Expressing emotions

sending relational messages (how we feel about the other person)

Sending incongruent or deceptive messages

Influence others
3 primary units
Communication environment

Physical characteristics of communicators

Various behaviors of communicators
Communication Environment
Physical environment- your room (how are we using our personal space) Territory (things you have possession over)
Physical Characteristics of communicators
Appearance and adornments
Various behaviors of communicators
Kinesics (oculesics, gestures, facial expressions) vocalics, contact (touch)
HISTORY OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

When did it start?
pre 20th century

late 1800's
"The expression of Emotion in man and Animal"

Who said this? And in what year?
Darwin 1872
who was the first to say we have universal expressions? We all express emotions in the same way...
DARWIN

(?) double check this one
Early 20th century

Who holds about PHYSIQUE and CHARACTER? And in what year?
Kretschmer (1925)
What does Kretschmer talk about and in what year?
PHYSIQUE AND CHARACTER CORRELATION in 1925
what were the three body types that Kretschmer talked about?
Mesomorph

Ectomorph

Endomorph
Who talked of GESTURE AND ENVIRONMENT? And in what year?
Efron 1941
Efron talked of what? And in what year?
GESTURE and ENVIRONMENT. In 1941
What did Birdwhistell talk about and in what year?
Introduction to kinesics, 1952
What did Birdwhistell say we should be able to do with non verbal?
He says we should be able to decode it like an actual language.
50's
No one really adopted Birdwhistells approach on nonverbal..why?
It is to complex to be put into a language!
Who talked about Nonverbal communication as: Notes on the visual perception of human relation? And in what year?
Ruesch & Kees in 1956
Who speaker of silent language? And in what year?
HALL 1959
60's
Who spoke of Pygmalion in the classroom? And in what year?
Rosenthal & Jacobson.
1968
Who is associated with the origins, uses, and coding of Nonverbal Behavior? FACIAL AFFECT CODING SYSTEM...

And what year?
Ekman and Friesen

1969
Ekman and Friesen were the originators of the ______ ______ ______ ______
Facial Affect Coding System (FACS)
Whats the FACS?
Facial Affect Coding System
70's

Fast is associated with... (is this a person?)

what year?
Body Language

1970
(what does this mean?) (What about Body Language?)
Knapp is associated with what? and in what year?
Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction.

The FIRST TEXTBOOK
Who invented the first textbook for nonverbal communication in Human Interaction?
KNAPP
80's

Nonverbal Behavior: a functional Perspective. (what is this? A book?)

Who is associated with this?
Patterson

1983
90's and early 2000's

What approaches did they use in this era?
Perception (the researchers perspective)

They decided to ask the ACTUAL communicators

Biology


Technology
What did they do with technology to contribute to nonverbal communication in the 90's and early 2000's?
Whats going on in the brain. They used a MRI

and advent of texting, talking over the phone.
Whats the Future Emphasis for Nonverbal Communication?
Mutual influence- 2 people or more in a conversation (what one person does influences the other. We NEED to understand how we influence each other not just how one person acts

Integrated approach


Interplay of biology and culture (nature AND nurture_

Changes over time (snap shot studies)
who is associated with emotion recognition
Ekman & friesen
ENCODING AND DECODING NONVERBAL SKILLS

What factors or characteristics are related to encoding skill?

Encoding skills
controllability of channel

intensity of physiological arousal

individual differences
-tendency or spontaneous expression. (very expressive people)
-Demeanor (either playing them up or compensating for them)
-Personality Characteristics (extroverted means you have more of an encoder) Self monitoring- To what degree are you monitoring the behavior during interaction.
Does extroverted mean you have more of an encoder?
True
High Self monitors Vs Low Self Monitors
High Self Monitor- Whats going to make me more effective in this particular situation

Low Self Monitor- This is how i am, and thats how i am going to act in certain situations
Test of encoding skills

name 2
Affective communication Test (ACT) - "I show that I like someone by hugging or touching that person."

Movement-Mirroing Test (MMT)
DECODING SKILL
Personality characteristics

Need for social inclusion

Similarity- The more similar you are to a person, the more you will be able to decode their non verbal.

Sex- Just like with encoding, women tend to do better than men but they are BARELY better according to research.
Are high self monitors better with decoding skills?
YES
Tests of decoding ability
name 3
Profile of nonverbal sensitive (PONS)

Diagnostic Analysis of nonverbal accuracy (DANVA)

Japanese and Caucasian Brief Affect Recognition

(GET THE REST FROM SOMEONE)
The first and the most elaborate test. Takes 45 minutes for each participate. (The example we did in class with the black and white girl)
PROFILE OF NONVERBAL SENSITIVITY. (PONS) Test
ENCODING AND DECODING

If we're good at one, are we good at the other?
Not necessarily

-Weak association between the two skills
Common observational problems
-Biases/Expectations (our brains want to reassure our expectations and not try and make up new stuff that goes along with what happens

-Bad memory

-Fatigue (we have all these stimulus coming at us, so we get tired of having to filter them all out so we just go with the easy route.
Observational Skills (How can we be a good observer)
-Understand human perceptual limitations

-Have a flexibility between focusing on details and the larger skills
NONVERBAL METHODS
What are the two different approaches to research?
?
What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?
?
What are the 4 major methods used in nonverbal research?
1st Laboratory Experiments

2nd- Field experiments

3rd- Controlled observations

4th- Naturalistic observations
1. Laboratory Methods

Explain and advantages and disadvantages
(Cause and Effect)

two different conditions and you will assign it to two people.

(Smiling example)

EVERYTHING is perfect in a lab. very controlled.
2. Field experiments

Explain and advantages and disadvantages
Cause and effect

Out in the field (not in a lab)

More real life situation

Outside variables can screw it up
3rd- Controlled observations

Explain and advantages and disadvantages
Great- you have control over extreme factors

Can be done in multiple different setting.

One condition. You ask everyone have a conversation
4th- Naturalistic Observation


Explain and advantages and disadvantages
Just to describe behavior

Take people in natural setting without them knowing

You want to describe one nonverbal behavior (with pre school Children, general population, etc..
What are the different ways to gather data?
Field notes

Diaries- Asking participants to giving you information

Surveys (social desirability bias that we like to present ourselves in better light.

Physiological responses (hormones, cortisone levels, heartbeat)

Observation Measurement Systems
Whats the difference between rating scales and coding systems in observational measures?
Coding Scheme-
-VERY PRECISE.
-VERY SPECIFIC.
-Really accurate picture of what is displayed

Downside- VERY Time consuming. We may not get the social meaning, feeling and context of a conversation from this system.


RATING SCALE
-Much more economical.

Downside- You don't really know how the nonverbal behaviors are waited. More general. More subjective because the train observer is meant to make an inference.