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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is facial primacy?
The tendency to give more weight to the face than to other communication channels.
Facial primacy may result from ...
Our belief that the face reveals a great deal about a person's personality or character.
Describe facial emblems.
Have a fairly consistent verbal translation. They are different from the actual emotional expression in that the sender is trying to talk about an emotion while indicating he or she is not actually feeling it.
What is true about facial emblems?
-They usually occur in contexts not likely to trigger actual emotion
-They are usually held for a longer or shorter time than the actual expressions.
-They are usually performed by using only a part of the face.
What are the displays associated with language use?
Semantic, syntactic, pragmatic
What is a semantic display?
Most frequent function of facial movements in managing conversation.
Syntactic facial displays act as markers for words and clauses. (Example: Raising and lowering the eyebrows)
What are semantic displays?
Facial actions made by the speaker directly connected with the content of what's being said. May be redundant with verbal behavior or may provide additional commentary (e.g., personal reactions)
What is emotional contagion?
When one person's mood or emotion is influenced by another's mood or emotion via subtle and mostly unconscious processes.
Define gaze:
An individual's looking behavior, which may or may not be at the other person.
Define mutual gaze:
A situation in which the two interactants are looking at each other, usually in the region of the face.
What's the difference between "gaze" and "mutual gaze"?
A gaze is not being reciprocated. Gazing may or may not be at the other person.
What are the functions of gazing?
1. Regulating the flow of communication
2. Monitoring feedback
3. Reflecting cognitive activity
4. Expressing emotions
5. Communicating the nature of the interpersonal relationship

(Two questions; see pages 342-344)
What is the difference between eye contact and gazing?
Eye contact is looking specifically in each other's eyes. It does not seem to be reliably distinguished by receivers or observers from gazing at the area surrounding the eyes.
What are the six basic emotions?
Surprise
Fear
Disgust
Anger
Happiness
Sadness
What are the primary emotions called when they're mixed together?
Facial blends (?)
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
(Put forth by Darwin) States that expressions on the face can actually create emotional experience via direct connections between facial muscles and emotion centers in the brain. Darwin believed that an emotion freely expressed will be intensified.
Name the facial display styles.
1. The Withholder
2. The Revealer
3. The Unwitting Expressor
4. The Blanked Expressor
5. The Substitute Expressor.
6. The Frozen-Affect Expressor

(know characteristics of each)
What is the visual dominance ratio?
The ratio of one's percentage of speaking time spent looking at the other to one's percentage of listening time spent looking at the other. (Not all research is clear, but it is believed that people high in "verticality" claim the biggest share of gazing.)
What is eye contact called during courtship relationships?
Eye gaze (?)
How do physical characteristics affect eye gazing/eye contact?
The amount of gazing between normal and disabled interactants does not differ significantly from normal/normal interactions.
This is too long. Read p. 352.
What word describes all variations in vocal qualities?
paralanguage
What are the common acoustic properties?
Speech rate (words per unit of time)
Fundamental frequency (perceived as pitch)
Intensity (perceived as loudness)
What does the lens model say?
(The fact that the voice has acoustic features perceived and interpreted by a listener according to his or her knowledge, stereotypes and other cognitions)
According to this model, a full understanding of vocal (and other nonverbal) phenomena must acknolwedge a series of interlocking steps: A person's state or trait (A) is reflected in acoustic behavior (B), which is perceived by a listener (C), who forms an impression or attribution (D), which may then be the basis for behavior reaction or change in the listener (E).
What is the speech register?
A total way of communicating through speech, which can include verbal forms, and it is believed to vary systematically with social characteristics of the speakers.
What is the target effect?
When a person's speech style reflects characteristics of the other person in an interaction. (Example: Motherese)
What are vocal cues associated with persuasiveness?
Fluent, nonhesitant speech
Shorter response latencies (length of pause when speakers switch turns)
More pitch variation
Louder voice
Faster speech (as measured by words per minute or length of pauses)
What are two types of pauses?
Unfilled (silent)
Filled (phantion like "um" or "uh")
Functions served by silence
-Punctuating or accenting
-Evaluating, providing judgments of another's behavior
-Revelation, making white something known or hiding something by being silent
-Expressions of emotions
-Mental activity (showing thoughtfulness, ignorance)
Cluster of signals used to communicate intimacy:
More forward lean
Close proximity
More eye gaze
More openness of arms, body
More direct body orientation
More touching
More postural relaxation
More positive facial, vocal expressions
What is the equilibrium theory?
Maintains that interactants seek an intimacy level comfortable for both of them.If the nonverbal behavior in one or more of these areas signals an increase or decrease in intimacy, the other interactant compensates by engaging in behaviors necessary to achieve equilibrium.
Quasi-courtship behaviors
Courtship readiness
Preening behavior
Positional cues
Actions of appeal or invitation
Greeting sequences
1. Sighting, orientation, initiation of the approach.
2. The Distant Salutation. (wave, smile, call)
3. The Head Dip.
4. Approach.
5. Final approach. (mutual gazing, smiling, etc.)
6. Close Salutation. (stereotyped, ritualistic verbalizations)
Turn yielding
Giving up a turn and expect another to start talking. Indicate the end of utterance with decreased loudness, slowed, tempo, drawl on last syllable, etc.
Turn maintaining
If the speaker does not want to yield a speaking turn. Voice loudness probably will increase, gestures fill pauses, etc.
Turn requesting
When we do not have the floor and want to talk. Upraised index finger, stutter starts, etch.
Tury denying
When we receive turn-yielding cues from the speaker, but we do not want to talk. Relaxed listening pose, maintain silence, gaze at something in the environment. Deny we are seeking a turn.