Nonspecific Host Defenses

Front 1

a sign that the body temperature is rising

Back 1

chills

Front 2

basophils

Back 2

circulating granulocytes that comprise about .5_1 % of our Leokocyte population
mass cells in connective tissue are functionally similar

Front 3

pyrogens

Back 3

chemical signals released from phagocytes such as interleukin-1 that trigger fever

Front 4

the complement system of proteins in action is described as a blank because each step triggers the next step

Back 4

cascade

Front 5

why are t-lymphocytes named T

Back 5

because they mature in the thymus

Front 6

increased number of eosinophils indicate

Back 6

allergies or parasitic warm infection

Front 7

lymphoid tissues in the oropharynx include

Back 7

tonsils and adenoids

Front 8

antibodies

Back 8

special tailor-made proteins, include it with lymphocytes they're developed during acquired immunity and get one particular microbe, that takes time to develop after exposure

Front 9

lymph nodes

Back 9

masses of lymphoid tissues scattered around the body but more concentrated in the neck armpits and groin

Front 10

phagocytosis

Back 10

celleating to rid the tissue of foreign invaders
neutrophils and macrophages are both capable of this

Front 11

cells of the immune system include

Back 11

blood and lymphoid tissue

Front 12

polymorphonuclear

Back 12

PMNs stands for polymorphonuclea leukocytes
neutrophils are also called PMNs because of the numers forms of their nucleus

Front 13

which leukocytes are looped together as granulocytes

Back 13

neutrophils eosinophils and basophils

Front 14

who releases histamine and what does it cause

Back 14

released by mass of the base of cells and tissue damage occurs it initiates information by causing vasodilation and increase capillary permeability in the effected area

Front 15

thrombocytes

Back 15

also call platelets are fragments of cytoplasm pinched off of a large cell in the red bone marrow called a megakaryocyte

Front 16

fever is a blank physiological response to microbe invasion
an increase in body temperature helps to denature proteins of bacteria in viruses

Back 16

systemic

Front 17

ciliary escalator

Back 17

cilliated mucous membrane lining the trachea that's able to move trapped particle upward

Front 18

damaged mast cells in loose areolar connective tissue

Back 18

release histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins to initiate inflammation following tissue injury

Front 19

nonspecific defense mechanisms are

Back 19

innate

Front 20

GALT

Back 20

gut associate lymphoid tissue

Front 21

what do natural killer cells release?

Back 21

natural killer cells release granules of perforin and granzyme onto their target cells
perforin enables granzyme to enter the cell where it activates caspase enzymes that cause of death of a cell

Front 22

oxygen burst

Back 22

occurs inside the phagolysosome to activate digestion of its contents

Front 23

why is unbroken skin a great germ barrier

Back 23

because it is thick, keratinized and cells are tightly spot welded together by Desmosomes

Front 24

mast cells and basophils release granules of histamine, leukotrienes and blank

Back 24

prostaglandins

Front 25

erythema

Back 25

(redness) is one of the signs of inflammation : due to increase blood flow to the site of infection

Front 26

pathogenesis

Back 26

the study of how diseases develop; determining signs and symptoms of diseases

Front 27

immunology

Back 27

the study of how the body defends itself against invading organisms

Front 28

Galt

Back 28

Peyer's patches of the small intestine form the gut associated lymphoid tissues

Front 29

secondary lymphoid tissues include

Back 29

tonsils adenoids lymph nodes appendix and spleen

Front 30

calor

Back 30

localized heat and one of the signs of inflammation

Front 31

what does sweat do

Back 31

it's released by the glands in the skin and its salt content causes bacteria to shrivel up and die

Front 32

mucous membranes

Back 32

line all entrances and exits of the body respiratory digestive urinary and reproductive

Front 33

55% of blood volume is

Back 33

plasma which is over 90% water

Front 34

lysosomes

Back 34

a cell organelle containing numerous enzymes called acid hydrolases
during phagocytosis it fuses with the phagosome to form a phagolysosome to help digest engulfed microbe

Front 35

a neutrophil nucleus has 3 4 or 5 blank

Back 35

lobes

Front 36

neutrophils

Back 36

the first cell to arrive at the site of infection because they arrive by blood
voracious phagocytes and engulf so many bacteria that they die and become the major component of pus
(granulocytes with 3,4,5 lobes)

Front 37

phagosome

Back 37

the membrane bound sac containing the microbe or particle following ingestion during phagocytosis

Front 38

inflammation

Back 38

localized physilogical response to any type of tissue injury

Front 39

hypothalamus

Back 39

the part of the brain that controls body temperature; when it detects pyrogens it resets the body temperature resulting in fever

Front 40

pus

Back 40

composed mostly a dead neutrophils at the site of infection

Front 41

etiology

Back 41

the study of the cause of diseases

Front 42

sebaceous glands

Back 42

in the skin release sebum, a fatty secretion ,that maintains a fairly low pH ,4 to 6, on the skin surface

Front 43

inflammation is a blank physiological response to any type of tissue injury

Back 43

localized

Front 44

opsonization

Back 44

..a result of complement-fixation or fragments of complement proteins bind to bacterial capsule to promote phagocytosis of the microbes (actually means to prepare for dinner)

Front 45

secondary lymphoid tissues include the tonsils adenoids lymph nodes blank and spleen

Back 45

appendix

Front 46

hemocytoblast

Back 46

stem cell in bone marrow that continually divides and gives rise to all the blood cell types

Front 47

degranulation of a mast cell or basophil initiates

Back 47

inflammation

Front 48

interferon

Back 48

an antiviral cytokines made by a virus infected cells; it is host species specific but not virus-specific

Front 49

epidemiology

Back 49

the study of the spread of disease in a population

Front 50

genetic resistance

Back 50

the least understood type of disease resistance and include species racial sexual and individual levels

Front 51

diapedesis

Back 51

refers to neutrophils squeezing through capillary walls to reach the site of infection

Front 52

cytokines

Back 52

chemical messages released by cells to communicate with other cells

lymphokines released by lymphocytes

monokines released by monocytes

and interferon release buy virally infected cells

Front 53

margination

Back 53

neutrophils adHere to the capillary walls nearest to tissue injury

Front 54

histiocytes

Back 54

an example of a fixed microphage located in lymphoid tissue there to clean and filter waste

histocytes in connective tissue
kupffer cells in liver tissue
and microglia un nerve tissue

Front 55

wondering macrophages

Back 55

migrate to the site of infection to phagocytize remaining invaders and any injured host cells

Front 56

histamine causes blank

Back 56

increased capillary permeability

Front 57

agranulocyte

Back 57

lymphocytes and monocytes

Front 58

crisis

Back 58

the end point of fever, marked by vasodilation and profuse sweating

Front 59

lymphocytes

Back 59

agranulocytosis that comprise about 20 to 25 percent of the leukocyte population B varieties producing antibodies and t varieties are involved in cellular immunity

Front 60

leukopenia

Back 60

a total white blood cell count of 2500 per a milliliter

Front 61

blood serum

Back 61

blood plasma with fibrinogen removed

Front 62

a differential white blood cell count

Back 62

calculate the percentages of the different types of leukocytes and change in percentage may indicate an infection or disease

Front 63

edema

Back 63

it's a sign of inflammation due to increased plasma leakage at the site of infection

Front 64

eosinophils

Back 64

granulocytes that make up to 2-4 percent of the leukocyte population, increases in the presence of parasitic worms or during allergic reactions

Front 65

during inflammation excess plasma leaks out of the local capillary Bloods and stimulates stretch receptors resulting in

Back 65

itching

Front 66

a primary lymphoid tissue called the blank gland is located in the upper thoracic cavity until the age 21

Back 66

thymus

Front 67

complement

Back 67

defense system consisting of serum proteins that helps by promoting phagocytosis initiating information and causing cytolysis of foreign cells

Front 68

innate immune response

Back 68

sneezing or coughing

Front 69

keratin

Back 69

the main protein of epidermis that makes it a tough waterproof layer

Front 70

acquired immunity

Back 70

aimed at one particular microbe, takes time to develop after exposure, and involves trained armies of cells called lymphocytes and antibody molecules

Front 71

sebaceous glands of the skin release blank ,a fatty secretion, that maintains a fairly low pH 4 to 6 on the skin's surface

Back 71

sebum

Front 72

natural killer cells

Back 72

kill any antibody-coated cell by releasing granules of perforin and granzyme on to the cell, peforin enables granzyme to enter the cell where it activates caspase enzymes that cause apoptosis of the cell

Front 73

observed and names phagocytosis it occurs in our bodies to destroy gens

Back 73

Elie metchnikoff

Front 74

chemotaxis

Back 74

refers to the phagocyte migration to the site of infection by detecting chemical signal

Front 75

where do B lymphocytes mature

Back 75

in the red bone marrow and in GALT

Front 76

leukocytes

Back 76

WBC's

Front 77

natural killer cells release granules of perforin and blank on to their target cell, perfoirn enables blank to enter the cell where it activates caspase enzymes that cause apoptosis of the cell

Back 77

granzyme

Front 78

megakaryocytes

Back 78

a big cell in the red bone marrow that fragments repeatedly to form thrombocyte (platelets)

Front 79

in loose areolar connective tissue, these cells are functionally similar to basophils in the blood and degranulation initiates inflammation

Back 79

mast cell

Front 80

what should you take during a viral illness because it inhibits interferon production

Back 80

aspirin

Front 81

natural killer cells release granules of blank and granzyme on to their target cells, blank enables granzyme to enter the cell where it activates caspase enzynes that cause apoptosis of the cell

Back 81

perforin

Front 82

Pathogen

Back 82

disease causing organisms that have special properties enabling them to invade the body successfully

Front 83

leukocytosis

Back 83

a total white blood cell count of 18000 per milliliters

Front 84

neutrophils (percentage, shape, characteristics)

Back 84

granulocytes that make up 60 to 70 percent of the leukocyte population, great mobility and phagocytes activity, also called PMNs because of their varied shape of the nuclues

Front 85

apoptosis

Back 85

results from activation of capase enzymes
sometimes it's genetically triggered and results in "programed cell death"

Front 86

microglia

Back 86

fixed macrophages located in lymphoid tissues were they clean and filter waste
histiocytes in connective tissue
kupffer cells in liver tissue
and microglia innerve tissue

Front 87

monocyte

Back 87

circulating leukocytes that become macrophages when they leave the blood and enter the connective tissue

Front 88

blink constriction of surface vessels occur during development of fever

but blank dilation occurs after the crisis to help bring down the temperature back to normal

Back 88

vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Front 89

B lymphocytes were originally discovered and gut associate lymphoid tissue in birds called the blank similar to our Peyer's patches

Back 89

bursa of fabricius

Front 90

neutrophils and macrophages respond towards chemical signals of damaged tissue ,this is called blank chemotaxis

Back 90

positive

Front 91

lysosome (location)

Back 91

an anti microbial enzymes found in saliva mucus and tears

Front 92

erythrocyte

Back 92

most numerous blood cells averaging 4 to 6 million per milliliter of blood

Front 93

cytolysis

Back 93

compliments of the defense system consisting of serum proteins that help by promoting phagocytosis initiating inflammation and causing blank of foreign cells

Front 94

what are the two important physiological responses to tissue injury or infection

Back 94

localized inflammation or systemic fever

Front 95

opsonization as a result of complement-fixation where fragments of complement proteins bind to a bacterial blank to promote phagocytosis (actually means to prepare for dinner)

Back 95

capsule

Front 96

Kupffer cells

Back 96

fixed macrophages are located in lymphoid tissues were they clean and filter waste
examples include
histiocytes in connective tissue
kupffer cells ok n liver tissue and microglia in nerve tissue

Front 97

phagocytosis (4 things)

Back 97

a process of engulfing an invading microbe that includes adsorption ingestion digestion and egestion

Front 98

disease occurs when

Back 98

infection results in a change of Health

Front 99

acquired immunity is also referred to as

Back 99

specific because it's directed at one particular invader

Front 100

the release of histamine and other chemicals from mast cells or basophils is called

Back 100

degranulation

Front 101

mast cells and basophils release granules of histamine blank and prostaglandins

Back 101

leukotrienes

Front 102

innate immunity ak blank immunity is inborn and works against many foreign invaders involves physical barriers physiological responses such as fever inflammation and phagocytes

Back 102

nonspecifc

Front 103

pain is a sign of

Back 103

inflammation caused by increased pressure on the nerve endings due to edema

Front 104

pathology

Back 104

the study of disease including the cause the manner in which it develops and its effects on the body

Front 105

what is fever

Back 105

systemic physiological response to microbe invasion
an increase in body changer helps to denature proteins of bacteria and viruses

Front 106

fixed macrophages

Back 106

are located in lymphoid tissues were they clean and filter waste include examples of
histiocytes in connective tissue
Kupffer cells and liver tissues and
microglia in nerve tissue

Front 107

Lymphoid tissue in the oropharynx include tonsils and blank

Back 107

adenoids

Front 108

increased number of eosinophils indicate allergies or blank

Back 108

parasitic worm infections

Front 109

isthimus

Back 109

is narrow and joins each lope of neutrophils nucleus to the next lope