Nonlinear Phonology

Front 1

manner features

Back 1

sonorant, consonantal, continuant, nasal, lateral, tense,

Front 2

Sound in which the pressure above the larynx allows the continuous vocal fold vibration without any rise in pressure above the larynx. Regularly voiced vowels, glides, liquids, nasals are all +this. Voiceless nasals, h, glottal stops are + this because the supraglottal pressure is low

Back 2

[+sonorant]

Front 3

obstruents (stops, fricatives, affricates). These sounds involve additional constrictions that inhibit air flow and increase supraglottal pressure.

Back 3

[-sonorant]

Front 4

sound with a narrow constriction in the oral and/or pharyngeal cavity that significantly impedes air flow by stopping it, redirecting it, or creating turbulence. Includes all true consonants: oral stops, affricates, fricatives, laterals, tap, trills

Back 4

[+consonantal]

Front 5

vowels and glides, h, and glottal stop (latter two because there is no significant constriction)

Back 5

[-consonantal]

Front 6

Sound in which air continues to move through the ORAL cavity. Includes vowels, glides, liquids, fricatives

Back 6

[+continuant]

Front 7

sounds that involve blocked airflow. Include oral stops, affricates, glottal stops, fricatives and also nasals because air goes through the nasal, rather than oral, cavity

Back 7

[-continuant]

Front 8

starts as stop and ends as a fricative. therefore these can be considered [-continuant, +continuant]

Back 8

affricates

Front 9

sound made with velum lowered so air moves through the nasal cavity

Back 9

[+nasal]

Front 10

all oral vowels, glides, liquids, stops, fricatives

Back 10

[-nasal]

Front 11

sound in which central airflow is blocked in the oral cavity and directed over at least one side of the tongue includes all l sounds

Back 11

[+lateral]

Front 12

all other sounds besides l

Back 12

[-lateral]

Front 13

sounds made with relatively greater "muscular tension"

Back 13

[+tense]

Front 14

includes lax vowels, voiced and devoiced stops, fricatives, affricates

Back 14

[-tense]

Front 15

laryngeal features (voice)

Back 15

voiced, spread and constricted glottis

Front 16

sound produced with vocal fold vibration

Back 16

[+voice]

Front 17

without vocal fold vibration

Back 17

[-voice]

Front 18

sound in which folds are spread wide, leading to low amplitude noise at level of the glottis

Back 18

[+spread glottis]

Front 19

voiced sounds

Back 19

[-spread glottis]

Front 20

sounds in which the vocal folds are pulled together tightly, making periodic vibration impossible. they are [-voice] by definition. Voiceless stops are +/- this, and glottal stops are +this

Back 20

[+constricted glottis]

Front 21

(Oral) Place Features

Back 21

Labial, Coronal, Dorsal

Front 22

sound made with the involvement of the lips

Back 22

[labial]

Front 23

sond involving lip protrustion, narrowing of corners of mouth, inluding all rounded vowels and consonants

Back 23

[+round]

Front 24

bilabial and labiodental consonants

Back 24

[-round]

Front 25

sound made by raising tip or blade of tongue. includes dentalized s and z, palatas, fron vowels, alveolars, interdentals

Back 25

coronal

Front 26

coronal sound made at alveolar ridge or further forward

Back 26

[+anterior]

Front 27

palatals, retroflexes, front vowels

Back 27

[-anterior]

Front 28

coronal sound made with a wide area of contact between the tongue tip or blade and roof of mouth or teeth, including interdentals, dentals, and palatals.

Back 28

[+distributed]

Front 29

coronal sound made with a narrow channel at or near the midline of the tongue, which channels air and leads to high amplitude noise, including alveolar fricatives.

Back 29

[+grooved]

Front 30

dental fricatives can be either + or -

Back 30

[?grooved]

Front 31

sound made with the back of the tongue body, including palatals, velars, uvualars, pharyngeals, vowels, glides, and dark [l]

Back 31

dorsal

Front 32

sound made with the back of the tongue, velars, uvular consonants, dark [k]. - this includes palatals and front vowels

Back 32

[+back]

Front 33

tongue body is raised, including high vowels, glides, velar, palatal consonants.

Back 33

[+high]

Front 34

tongue body is lowered, including low vowels and pharyngeals

Back 34

[-low]