Nolan Chapter Flashcards

Front 1

alert

Back 1

patient is awake and attentive to normal levels of stimulation, interactions with the examiner are normal and appropriate

Front 2

lethargic

Back 2

patient appears drowsy and may fall asleep if not stimulated; interactions with examiner may et sidetracked and patient may have difficulty focusing

Front 3

obtunded

Back 3

patient is difficult to arouse from a somnolent state and is frequently confused when awake' repeated stimulation required; interactions with the examiner are largely unproductive

Front 4

stupor

Back 4

patient responds only to strong, generally noxious stimuli and returns to unconscious state when stimuli is stopped; patient unable to interact with examiner when aroused

Front 5

coma

Back 5

patient cannot be aroused by any type of stimuli; reflex motor responses may or may not be seen

Front 6

reticular activating system

Back 6

this system exerts an excitatory influence on the cerebral cortex to maintain the alert state

Front 7

attention

Back 7

refers to the ability to focus and maintain one's consciousness on a particular sitmulus or task without being distracted by other stimuli

Front 8

orientation

Back 8

refers to the patient's awareness of self and certain realities and facts of the present

Front 9

aphasias

Back 9

language disturbances

Front 10

dysphonia

Back 10

a mechanical disturbance of speech that results from the vagus nerve or vocal cord lesions; may sound hoarse or speak with low volume

Front 11

dysarthria

Back 11

mechanical disturbance of speech production that usually results from cranial nerve lesions or muscle diseases and presents as difficulties with resonation or articulation

Front 12

dysprosody

Back 12

inflection of normal speech

Front 13

fluency

Back 13

characterized by word flow that is free from pauses or breaks

Front 14

expressive/Broca's aphasia

Back 14

condition that results from lesions involving the inferior frontal gyrus and results in dysfluency and articulatory struggle

Front 15

stuttering

Back 15

difficulty in uttering the first phoneme or sound at the beginning of a conversation

Front 16

stammering

Back 16

characterized by the repetition of phonemes at the beginning or during a course of speech that interferes with its normal flow and rhythm

Front 17

comprehension

Back 17

refers to the ability of the patient to understand or ascribe appropriate and correct meaning to words and sentences

Front 18

Wernicke's/receptive aphasia

Back 18

a condition that results in the inability to comprehend due to a lesion of the superior temporal gyrus

Front 19

agraphia

Back 19

refers to the disturbance of writing ability in an individual who was perviously able to write

Front 20

dyslexic

Back 20

patients who have no aphasia problems but are unable to comprehend during reading

Front 21

nonassociative

Back 21

this type of learning involves a change in the intensity or strength of a learned response to an unchanging stimulus

Front 22

habituation and sensitization

Back 22

what are two types of nonassociative learning?

Front 23

habituation

Back 23

in this type of nonassociative learning, there is a decrement in the behavioral response to repeated presentations of the same stimulus

Front 24

sensitization

Back 24

in this type of nonassociative learning, ther e is an enhanced response to repeated presentations of the same stimulus

Front 25

associative

Back 25

this type of learning is characterized by behavior produced by a stimulus or event that did not produce that behavior before learning (pavlovian conditioning)

Front 26

declarative

Back 26

memory for facts and events

Front 27

nondeclarative

Back 27

memory for skills and procedures

Front 28

amnesias

Back 28

memory deficits that are characterized by difficulties in remembering

Front 29

anterograde

Back 29

amnesia that causes a person to forget experiences occurring after the injury

Front 30

retrograde

Back 30

amnesia that causes the person to forget experiences occurring before the injury

Front 31

gnosia

Back 31

the ability to recognize stimuli applies to the body

Front 32

agnosias

Back 32

conditions characterized by the inability to recognize stimuli in the absence of disease involving the anatomic and neural structures involved in transduction, transmission, and perception of those stimuli; patients with these diseases have normal abilityt o perceive a stimulus but lack the ability to recognize it

Front 33

finger agnosia

Back 33

the inability to recognize one's own fingers or those of the examiner

Front 34

praxis

Back 34

the carrying out of an action

Front 35

apraxias

Back 35

diseases characterized by an inability to perform motor behaviors; disorders of learned movements that are present in the absence of disease involving the motor systems or skeletal muscle

Front 36

affect

Back 36

somatic and autonomic behaviors that are used to convey a mood or an emotion

Front 37

fibrillations

Back 37

spontaneous, independent contractions of individual muscle fibers that are not visible through the skin; generally detected by EMG

Front 38

fasciculations

Back 38

spontaneous visible or palpable contractions of the muscle fibers associated wtih a single lower motor neuron

Front 39

muscle tone

Back 39

the degree or strength of contraction that characterizes normally innervated, resting skeletal muscle; produced by ongoing activation of motor units

Front 40

gamma

Back 40

the sensitivity of the muscle spindle to stretch is controlled by this type of motor neurons

Front 41

athetosis

Back 41

an involuntary, ceaseless series of muscle contractions producing slow, sinous, writhing movements; especially severe in the hands

Front 42

ballismus

Back 42

violent, spontaneous and uncontrollable flinging or flailing movements of axial and limb-girdle muscles occurring as a result of lesions involving the subthalamic nucleus; usually unilateral and very exhausting for the patient

Front 43

chorea

Back 43

involuntary, rapid flowing movements manifested as random events present at rest; the movements are irregular and lack apparent purpose, and are frequently followe dimmediatley by some voluntary motor behavior designed to mask the involuntary component

Front 44

dysmetria

Back 44

the inability to control muscle action required to move a body part smoothly in a specific direction or along a particular course

Front 45

dystonia

Back 45

irregular and involuntary contractions of muscles of the head, limbs, or trunk, producing contortions and abnormal postures

Front 46

myoclonus

Back 46

involuntary, lightning-like muscle contractions appearing as a single or repetitive jerks; seen in association with lesions of the CNS

Front 47

rigidity

Back 47

excessive muscle activity involving agonist and anatagonist muscle groups together in such a way that stiffness and inflexibility results; passive stretching often accompanied by a sudden, brief relaxation followed by a resumption of contraction (cogwheel)

Front 48

tremor

Back 48

involuntary, rhythmic contraction of the muscles, producing the appearance of trembling or quivering; may be presnt at rest, with movement, or with efforts to sustain a fixed position

Front 49

station

Back 49

the ability to stand upright without moving, using muscle activity only to ovecome the force of gravity

Front 50

reflex

Back 50

a relatively invariant response to a particular stimulus

Front 51

receptor

Back 51

the part of the reflex mechanism that converts the energy of the stimulus into nerve impulses

Front 52

afferent limb

Back 52

the neuron in the reflex arc that conveys the nerve impulses from the receptor to the CNS; part of the peripheral system and compose dorsal root ganglia and sensory cranial nerve ganglia

Front 53

efferent limb

Back 53

the neuron in the reflex arc that is represented by the cell body and axon of a motor neuron

Front 54

effector

Back 54

the structure that is innervated by the efferent limb; the action of which constitutes the reflex response

Front 55

divergence

Back 55

the central processes of Ia muscle spindle afferent fibers divide into numerous collateral branches, which make direct contact with each of the alpha motor neurons that innervate the skeletal muscle in question

Front 56

convergence

Back 56

each alpha motor neuron that innervates a particular skeletal muscle receives direct synaptic input from all muscle spindles located in that skeletal muscle

Front 57

spatial summation

Back 57

achieved by virtue of the numerous synaptic endings on a motor neuron that are derived from the muscle spindle afferent fibers

Front 58

temporal summation

Back 58

achieved because conduction velocity among Ia afferent fibers is remarkably homogeneous, and the stimulus used to elicit impulse transmission is delivered simultaneously to all muscle spindles located within a given muscle

Front 59

clonus

Back 59

a phenomenon characterized by the rapid contraction and relaxation of the agonist and antagonist muscle groups in response to a rapid stretch of one of the two muscle groups; most easily observed in the ankle by pulling the foot briskly into dorsiflexion

Front 60

sensory transduction

Back 60

the process whereby stimuli or energy applied to the body results in the generation of action potentials in peripheral nerves; achieved either by specialized receptors or directly in peripheral nerve fibers

Front 61

impulse transmission

Back 61

the process whereby information about the environment in the form of action potentials is brought to the CNS and distributed to regions where perception and interpretation occur

Front 62

perception

Back 62

phenomenon of experiencing the environment and changes in it

Front 63

sensory interpretation

Back 63

a process in which meaning and significance are assigned to the perceived attributes of an event or object in the environment; as a result, the event or object is recognized based on some previous experience

Front 64

atopognosia

Back 64

the inability to localize the site of application of a sharp stimulus

Front 65

thigmesthesia

Back 65

the ability to perceive light touch

Front 66

pallesthesia

Back 66

the ability to perceive vibratory stimuli

Front 67

stereognosis

Back 67

the ability to recognize and identify objects based on their tactile characteristics