Nofsinger_Gross Anatomy Of Bone_Joints_Muscles_2008

Front 1

where do osteocytes reside

Back 1

lacunae

Front 2

another name for volkmanns

Back 2

perforating canal

Front 3

concentric lamellae together make up

Back 3

osteon

Front 4

osteocytic cytoplasmic processes

Back 4

canaliciuli

Front 5

haversian canal

Back 5

central canal

Front 6

primary curvatures of the back

Back 6

thoracic and sacral

Front 7

secondary curvatures of the back

Back 7

cervical and lumbar

Front 8

interstitial lamellae

Back 8

remnants of osteons
produced during growth of bone
fill in spaces between osteons

Front 9

kyphosis

Back 9

exaggeration of normal thoracic curvature

Front 10

lordosis

Back 10

exaggeration of lumbar curve - prominent abdomen and buttocks

Front 11

scoliosis

Back 11

abnormal lateral curvature, often in adolescent females

Front 12

manubrium articulates with the costal cartilage of which ribs

Back 12

1 and 2

Front 13

sternum attaches to which ribs

Back 13

2nd through 10th

Front 14

which costal cartilages fuse to form the costal margin

Back 14

8, 9 10th costal cartilages

Front 15

whats the costal angle

Back 15

where the costal cartilages comes together with the xiphoid

Front 16

xiphoid process

Back 16

attachment for muscles
usually not ossified before age 25

Front 17

how many true ribs

Back 17

7

Front 18

how many false ribs

Back 18

5

Front 19

how many floating ribs
and which ribs

Back 19

2 floating ribs

11th and 12th

Front 20

how many pairs of ribs

Back 20

12

Front 21

functino of the costal groove

Back 21

depressed inner canal that protects costal veins and nerves

Front 22

what part of the ribs articulates with the vertebrae

Back 22

head and tubercle of rib

Front 23

spina bifida

Back 23

congential defect where the vertebral laminae fail to fuse

Front 24

name some developmental diseases of the bone

Back 24

spina bifida
cleft lip/palate

Front 25

disease of bone due to nutrition/hormonal

Back 25

rickets -vit D deficiency
osteomalacia - demineralizaton due to vitamin D deficiency in adults
gigantism - hypersecretoin of GH PRIOR to ossification of growth plates
acromegaly - hypersecretion of GH AFTER ossification of growth plates
dwarfism - GH deficiency

Front 26

disease of bone due to neoplasms

Back 26

osteoma- benign tumor of bone, often the skull
osteoid osteomas - painful tumor of long bone
osteogenic sarcoma - malignant (cancerous) tumor

*neoplasam = tumor*

Front 27

diseases of bone due to aging

Back 27

osteoporosis - weakening of bones due to Ca loss

aging, inactivity, poor diet, hormonal imbalances

Front 28

pectoral girdle composed of

Back 28

scapulae and clavicles
attached to the axial skeleton at the sternoclavicular joint

Front 29

coracoid process serves as the attachment for what muscle

Back 29

biceps brachii

Front 30

acromion process serves as the atachment site for part of what muscle

Back 30

part of the trapezius

Front 31

which process of the scapula articulates with the scapula, forms the acromioclavicular joint

Back 31

acromion

Front 32

what strucutre on the humerus articulates with the radius and what articulates wtih the ulna

Back 32

capitulum --> radius

trochlea --> ulna

Front 33

what structures of the humerus allows movement of the ulna

Back 33

coronoid and olecranon fossae

Front 34

what is the name of the notch on the ulna that articulates with the humerus

Back 34

trochlear notch

Front 35

radial head is proximal or distal?

ulna head is proximal or distal?

Back 35

radial head is proximal

ulna head is distal

Front 36

where do the biceps insert

Back 36

on the radial tuberosity

Front 37

what is lateral epicondylitis

Back 37

tennis elbow due to six extensor muscles of hand and wrist that originate here

Front 38

colle's fracture

Back 38

distal fracture of the radius that results from falling and using hands to break the fall

Front 39

what fractures often result from falling and using hands to break the fall

Back 39

radial head
neck
distal (colle's)

Front 40

pulled elbow

Back 40

radial head dislocatoin
usually in kids less than 5 yrs old.
symptoms: immediate pain, flexion of the elbow,

treatment: firm supinaiton of the hand, elbow held at 90 degrees flexion

Front 41

pelvic girdle consists of ____ jointed anteriorly at the ____ and posteriorly at the ____.

Back 41

pelvic girdle consists of _two ossa coxae___ jointed anteriorly at the _symphysis pubic___ and posteriorly at the _sacrum___.

Front 42

false pelvis is above or below the base of the sacrum (top of the sacrum)

Back 42

everything above is greater (false) pelvis

everything below is the lesser (true) pelvis

Front 43

what attaches to the iliac tuberosity

Back 43

the sacroiliac ligament

Front 44

what supports weight when we sit

Back 44

the ischial tuberosity

Front 45

obturator foramen

Back 45

part of the ischium

covered by membrane and acts as site of attachment for muscles and viscera

Front 46

pubis

Back 46

anterior bone of os coxae

Front 47

male vs female pelvic inlet

Back 47

heart shaped male

round/oval female

Front 48

male vs female obturator foramen

Back 48

male oval
female triangular

Front 49

male vs female acetabulum

Back 49

male faces laterally

female faces anteriorly

Front 50

male vs female symphysis pubis

Back 50

male deeper longer

female shallower shorter

Front 51

male vs female pubic arch

Back 51

male angle less than 90

female angle greater than 90

Front 52

fovea capitis

Back 52

on head of femur

attachment of ligamentum teres

Front 53

base of patella

Back 53

on top

Front 54

patella likely to be fractured or dislocated

Back 54

because its confined within the quadriceps tendon its more likely to be dislocated laterally

Front 55

medial malleolus does what

Back 55

helps position the talus

Front 56

tibial tuberosity attaches to what

Back 56

patellar ligament

Front 57

how many bones in the foot (pes)

Back 57

26

tarsus

metatarsus

phalanges

Front 58

largest of foot bones

Back 58

calcaneus (heel bone)

Front 59

polydactyly
syndactyly
talipes

Back 59

polydactyly - extra digits
syndactyly - webbed digits
talipes - clubfoot: sole of the foot is twisted medially

Front 60

fractures can be of two types

Back 60

pathologic (due to a disease that weakens the bone)

traumatic

Front 61

traumatic fracture types

Back 61

simple or closed
compound or open
partial or fissured
complete
comminuted
spiral
greenstick
impacted
depressed
displaced
non-displaced

Front 62

fractured bone doesnt break through the skin

Back 62

simple / closed

Front 63

fractured bone is exposed to the surface of the skin

Back 63

compound / open

Front 64

bone is incompletely broken

Back 64

fissured/ partial

Front 65

fracture has separated the bone into two pieces

Back 65

completed

Front 66

bone is splintered into several fragments

Back 66

comminuted

Front 67

fracture line is twisted as it is broken

Back 67

spiral

Front 68

incomplete break in whcih one side is broken and other is bowed

Back 68

greenstick
common in children

Front 69

one oend of a broken bone is driven into another

Back 69

impacted

Front 70

fracture in which the bone fragments are not in anatomical alignment

Back 70

displaced

Front 71

broken portoin of bone is driven inward

Back 71

depressed

Front 72

fracture in whcih the bone fragments remain in anatomical alignment

Back 72

non-displaced

Front 73

synarthrosis

Back 73

immovable joint

fibrous
cartilaginous

over time the bones may fuse

Front 74

amphiarthrosis

Back 74

slightly movalbe joint

Front 75

diarthrosis

Back 75

freely movable joint or synovial joint

subdivided according to the range of motion

Front 76

types of joints

Back 76

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial **

Front 77

synovial joint

Back 77

articulating bones are capped with cartilage with ligaments frequently supporting them.

joints have fluid filled cavities

freely movalbe joint enclosed by a joint capsule compsed of dense regular CT

synovial fluid
articular cartilage covers bone
cartilage and fat bads
ligaments
tendons
bursae - small fluid filled pockets of CT filled with synovial fluid form where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues

Front 78

synovial fluid

Back 78

enclosed within the joint capsule
-lubriccates
-distrubtes nutrients
-shock absorption

Front 79

articular cartilage

Back 79

covers bones in the synovial joint

hyaline cartilage without perichondrium
nourished by synovial fluid

Front 80

cartilage and fat pads in the synovial joint

Back 80

cartilage in knee (menisci) lie beteween the articular surfaces

fibrocartilages cushion and guide articulating bones

fat pads - localized masses of adipose covered by snovial membranes acting as protective packing material

Front 81

ligaments of synovial joint

Back 81

joint capsule is continuous witht he periostea of the articulating bones

sprain is wehre some of the collagen of the ligaments is torn, the ligament survives, and the joint is not damaged

typically bone breaks before ligaments tears

Front 82

tendosn of synovial joint

Back 82

tendons pass around or crosss a joint and may limit the range of motion while providing mechanical support

Front 83

bursae

Back 83

small fluid filled pockets of CT filled with synovial fluid form where a tendon or ligament rubs against other tissues

Front 84

tendon sheaths

Back 84

modified tubular shaped bursa that surrounds tendons crossng bony surfaces like the wrist or ankle.

Front 85

kinds of synovial joints

Back 85

-gliding / planar
-hinge
-pivot
-ellipsoidal/condyloid
-saddle
-ball and socket

Front 86

what type of joint allows side to side and back and forth movement with slight rotation

Back 86

gliding or planar

articulating surfaces nearly flat, slide across one another
simplest type of joint movement

intercarpal and intertarsal joints, sternoclavicular joints

Front 87

what type of joint describes the following
intercarpal and intertarsal joints, sternoclavicular joints

Back 87

gliding / planar

Front 88

what type of joint allows flexion and extension
like elbow and ankle

Back 88

hinge

Front 89

what joint allows rotation ONLY

Back 89

pivot

like the atlas-axis joint
proximal radial-ulnar joint

Front 90

what type of joint describes the following
like the atlas-axis joint
proximal radial-ulnar joint

Back 90

pivot joint

allows rotation only

Front 91

what joint allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, some circumductoin but NO rotatoin

Back 91

ellipsoidal or condyloid

shaped like egg in spoon

atlanto-occipital joint
radiocarpal joint
metacarpal-phalangeal joints
metatarsal-phalangeal joints

Front 92

what joint describes the following:

atlanto-occipital joint
radiocarpal joint
metacarpal-phalangeal joints
metatarsal-phalangeal joints

Back 92

ellipsoidal / condyloid

Front 93

whats the difference between an ellipsoidal and a ball and socket joint

Back 93

ellipsoidal/condyloid provides NO ROTATION

Front 94

what joint type is similar to the condyloid jont but the joint is freer because the egg is rotate 90 degrees

Back 94

saddle

carpometacarpal joint of the pollex

Front 95

carpometacarpal joint of the pollex is what type of synovial joint

Back 95

saddle

Front 96

shoulder joint and hip joints are examples of what type of synovial joint

Back 96

ball and socket

Front 97

proximal radial ulnar joint is what type of joint

Back 97

pivot

Front 98

radiocarpal joint is what type of joint

Back 98

ellipsoidal or condyloid

Front 99

atlanto occipital joint is what type of joint

Back 99

ellipsoidal or condyloid

Front 100

three joints of the knee

Back 100

medial tibiofemoral
lateral tibiofemoral
patellofemoral: intermediate joint

Front 101

____ cushion joint margins and assist bursa in reducing friction at the joint

Back 101

prominent fat pads

Front 102

name the ligaments of the knee

Back 102

patellar
popliteal ligaments
ACL, PCL

Front 103

patellar ligaments

Back 103

tendons from the quads pass over the anterior surface of the joint with the patella embedded in the tendon.

distally the patellar ligament continue towards its insertion at the tibial tuberosity

Front 104

patella is supported medially and laterally by 2 ligamentous bands called

Back 104

the patellar retinaculae

Front 105

these 2 ligaments extend between the femur and the heads of the tibia and fibula

Back 105

popliteal ligaments

Front 106

ACL nad PCL do what

Back 106

attach the tibial intercondylar area to the condyles of the femur

anterior andposterior refer to their sites of origin on the tibia.

cruciate is latin from cross

Front 107

what ligaments reinforce the medial and lateral joint surfaces of the knee

Back 107

tibial (medial) and fibular (lateral) collateral ligaments

these ONLY tighten when the knee is at full extension

Front 108

locking of the knee

Back 108

extended position
ACL is taut
lateral meniscus jams between the tibia and femur

*allows for standing for prolonged periods of time without muscle fatigue. if the locked knee is struck from the side, the lateral meniscus can tear and the damage to the supporting ligaments (often the ACL) occurs

Front 109

skeletal muscle functions

Back 109

movement
heat
posture
guard entraces and exits

Front 110

class 1 lever example

Back 110

spelnius capitus

effort fulcrom resistance

Front 111

class 2 lever example

Back 111

gastroc

fulcrum resistance effort

Front 112

class 3 lever example

Back 112

biceps brachii
fulcrum effort resistance

Front 113

aponeurosis

Back 113

flattened sheet like tendons

Front 114

splenius capitus, which class lever

Back 114

class 1 lever
teeter totter

Front 115

gastroc, which class lever

Back 115

class 2 lever


base of toes is the fulcrum

wheelbarrel

Front 116

biceps brachii, which class lever

Back 116

class 3 lever

elbow joint is the fulcrum

Front 117

three groups of skeletal muscle

Back 117

fast twitch glycolytic type IIb (hands & eyelids), majority of body muscle fibers, largest, anaerobic, few mitochondria, low myoglobin concentrations - pale

slow twitch oxidative fype I (soleus), smallest, longest contraction duration, fatigue resistant, richer capillary network, more mitochondria, lots of myoglobin, walking and standing

fast twitch oxidative type IIa (gastroc), intermediate size, some myoglobin, rely on BOTH aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, can change with training, RARE in humans

Front 118

myofibrils

Back 118

bundles of myofilaments (actin and myosin) anchored at each end of teh sarcolemma (plasma membrane of a muscle cell)

Front 119

A bands

Back 119

thick myosin filaments, divided into central lighter zone (H zone) which is myosin only

Front 120

during contraction, which bands shorten

Back 120

i bands

h zone

Front 121

endomysium

Back 121

surrounds individual fibers and binds adjacent fibers together and supports capillaries and nerve endings servign themuscle

Front 122

perimysium

Back 122

binds groups ofmuscle fibers together into bundles called fasicles

Front 123

epimysium

Back 123

covers the entire muscle and is continuous with the tendon

Front 124

fascia

Back 124

fibrous CT of varying thickness that covers muscle and attaches to the skin

superficial fascia secures the skin to the underlying structures (butt, abdominal wall is thick, back of hand, elbow andn face is thin

deep fascia is an inward extension of superfiical fascia, which lacks adipose tissue and blends with the epimysium, surrounds adjacent muscles forming functional compartmentalized groups

Front 125

superficial fascia

Back 125

secures the skin to the underlying structures (butt, abdominal wall is thick, back of hand, elbow andn face is thin

Front 126

deep fascia

Back 126

is an inward extension of superfiical fascia, which lacks adipose tissue and blends with the epimysium, surrounds adjacent muscles forming functional compartmentalized groups

Front 127

long spindle like cells with a single nucleus and lack striations

Back 127

smooth muscles

Front 128

which type of muscle produces peristalsis

Back 128

SM

Front 129

where would you find more thin:thick myofilaments

smooth muscle or skeletal muscle

Back 129

more thin in smooth muscle (16:1)than in striated muscle (2:1)

Front 130

what type of junctions are found bertween smooth muscles

Back 130

gap junctions (electrical synapses) between adjacent cells, allow them to behave as a single unit. visceral SM because it forms walls fo internal orgnas

Front 131

which type of muscle displays pacemaker activity

Back 131

smooth muscle

Front 132

what type of contraction do you find in the esophagus and urinary bladder

Back 132

tonic, to maintain pressure
sphincters,
function to close off an organ and only relax to let material enter or leave

Front 133

what type of contraction is found in the GI tract, ureters, uterine tubes and ductus deferens

Back 133

rhythmic (single unit smooth muscle, circular and longintudinal SM,
produces peristasis, propel contents in ONE direction

Front 134

multiunit smooth muscle contracts by what mechanism

found where

Back 134

have few gap junctions so are stimulated by nerve fibers

riis, ciliary body of eye, male repro tract, uterus

braxton hicks contractions