Nobel Laureates In Physics 1976-2000

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1976 "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind". In other words: for discovery of the J/Ψ particle as it confirmed the idea that baryonic matter (such as the nuclei of atoms) is made out of quarks.

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Burton Richter and Samuel Chao Chung Ting

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1977 "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"

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Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott, and John Hasbrouck van Vleck

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1978 "for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"

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Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa

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1978 "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"

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Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson

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1979 "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"

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Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg

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1980 "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons". See: CP-violation

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James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch

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1981 "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"

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Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Leonard Schawlow

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1981 "for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"

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Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn

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1982 "for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"

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Kenneth G. Wilson

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1983 "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars". See Chandrasekhar limit

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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

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1983 "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"

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William Alfred Fowler

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1984 "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"

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Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer

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1985 "for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"

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Klaus von Klitzing

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1986 "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope"

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Ernst Ruska

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1986 "for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"

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Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer

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1987 "for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"

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Johannes Georg Bednorz and Karl Alexander Müller

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1988 "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"

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Leon Max Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, and Jack Steinberger

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1989 "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"

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Norman Foster Ramsey

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1989 "for the development of the ion trap technique"

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Hans Georg Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul

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1990 "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"

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Jerome Isaac Friedman, Henry Way Kendal, and Richard Edward Taylor

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1991 "for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"

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Pierre-Gilles de Gennes

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1992 "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"

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Georges Charpak

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1993 "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"

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Russell Alan Hulse and Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.

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1994 "for the development of neutron spectroscopy"

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Bertram Neville Brockhouse

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1994 "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique"

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Clifford Glenwood Shull

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1995 "for the discovery of the tau lepton"

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Martin Lewis Perl

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1995 "for the detection of the neutrino"

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Frederick Reines

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1996 "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"

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David Morris Lee, Douglas Dean Osheroff, and Robert Coleman Richardson

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1997 "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"

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Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, and William Daniel Phillips

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1998 "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations". See: Quantum Hall effect

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Robert B. Laughlin, Horst Ludwig Störmer, and Daniel Chee Tsui

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1999 "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"

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Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman

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2000 "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"

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Zhores Ivanovich Alferov and Herbert Kroemer

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2000 "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"

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Jack St. Clair Kilby