No Overarching Ideas

Front 1

anatomy of
orienting

Back 1

superior parietal, superior temporal, superior colliculus, temporalpaietal junction, frontal eye fields, pulvinar
**cholinergic system
**parietal activation
**overt/covert and endogenous/exogenous

Front 2

anatomy of executive

Back 2

ACC
DLPFC
**dopaminergic system
**ACC activation
**conflict resolution

Front 3

anatomy of alerting

Back 3

right frontal parietal
some left hemisphere
**noraderenaline system
**thalamic activation
**goal specific

Front 4

*resting state
brain networks
EEG pattern
ANS active/dominant
neuromodulator

Back 4

DMN (mPFC,ACC,PCC others)
alpha dominance
sympathetic
-

Front 5

*alerting state
brain networks
EEG pattern
ANS active/dominant
neuromodulator

Back 5

right PFC, PC others
desynchronized
stage A para, stage B sympa
NE

Front 6

*mediation state
brain networks
EEG pattern
ANS active/dominant
neuromodulator

Back 6

stage 1 lateral PFC/PC, stage 3 ACC/insula/striatum
alpha,gamma, theta
para
dopamine

Front 7

ACC
Insula
striatum
all in regards to brain states

Back 7

maintenance/conflict resolution between states
switching of states
reward/habit formation to help maintenance

Front 8

hans berger

Back 8

created eeg
alpha wave
said brain is active during rest (which is true, its doesnt have to be engaged in a task to be active)

Front 9

marcus raichle

Back 9

term 'default mode' came from him

Front 10

Shulman collected PET to look at

Back 10

DMN
*made map of areas active during active vs passive tasks

Front 11

during passive tasks your mind

Back 11

wanders

Front 12

DMN

Back 12

not just task negative
activated by mental simulation/alternative perspectives/imagination ie stuff involving mind wandering
like mental time travel

Front 13

areas of brain involved in self referential mental activity (seen in DMN) during resting state

Back 13

internally cued cognition=dmPFC
narrative self focus= PCC,mPFC left hemi language areas

Front 14

is mind wandering the cause of unhappiness rather than the consequence

Back 14

YES, it is cause of it from a study done

Front 15

increased DMN correlation to ___levels of amyloid plaques in Alzheimers

Back 15

increased

Front 16

3 aspect of IBMT

Back 16

-no/little effort to control thoughts
-state of restful alertness and highly aware with balance of mind body environment
-meditation facilitated through training and trainer group dynamics,harmony and resonance

Front 17

corona radiata

Back 17

white matter tract connect ACC to other structures

Front 18

IBMT can it cause structural changes

Back 18

YES!!
can increase fibers in corona radiata
**improves self regulation by increasing activity/connectivity of ACC

Front 19

smoking cessation and IBMT

Back 19

training can reduce smoking
(relaxation training did NOTHING)
*saw increase in ACC,mPFC, orbitofrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus/vlPFC

Front 20

shrooms do what to DMN

Back 20

reduce its activity even more than meditation

Front 21

Neurovascular coupling

Back 21

relationship between local neural activity and subsequent changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF)

Front 22

Potential control sites of cerebral hemodynamic response

Back 22

arteriolar smooth muscle and pericytes on capillaries

Front 23

BOLD signal reflects

Back 23

-local increase in neural activity assessed by the mean Extra-cellular Field Potential signal
-changes in LFP /synaptic activity / input to- and local processing in a region more than MUA/output

Front 24

what does Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the neural
signals being much higher than that of the fMRI signals result in

Back 24

fMRI underestimating true neural activity related to a stimuli/task

Front 25

possible roles of DMN

Back 25

-introspection
-self referential processing
-ongoing conscious and awareness
*see changed DMN activity in sleep/cognitive impairment/alzheimers/schizo/depression

Front 26

in resting state see what in fMRI signals

Back 26

spont fluctuations

Front 27

during rest see that in functional neworks

Back 27

-similar areas active during tasks
-means that in resting have continuous activity and response is organized similarly as response when task/stimuli presented is

Front 28

The Default Mode and Dorsal Attention networks are

Back 28

anticorrelated

Front 29

What can spontaneous activity and resting state
networks be used for (3)

Back 29

-biomarkers of disease progression
-diagnosing neurological/psychiatric disorders
-looking at patterns of connections in healthy brain

Front 30

What is the functional role of spontaneous
activity and resting-state networks
*open ended ?, theres no real answer only hypothesis (5)

Back 30

- An essential property of the neural architecture underlying cognition.
- Involvement in functionally relevant information processing.
- A non-random, coordinated interaction of ongoing and
evoked activity in perception and behavior.
- Scanning of context possibilities, making it easier to lock on a concurrent ‘scene’ or stimulus.
- Maintenance and enforcement of synapses as part of
transforming short term to long term memory

Front 31

Dendritic sprouting

Back 31

training and/or injury, rewires cortical and subcortical areas.
ie neurplasticity

Front 32

Neurogenesis:

Back 32

birth brain cells
after prenatal development only happens in hippoc,subventricular zone

Front 33

equipotentiality

Back 33

if one area damaged another may take over rols to compensate/help out

Front 34

hebbs axion

Back 34

neurons fire together wired together

Front 35

stroke can affect certain functions ex) can use right side, so paul bach y rita, trained people (due to neuroplasticity) saw people could

Back 35

regain function of the non working area
*also stimulated vestibular area and help get stroke patients balance back

Front 36

contraint induced therapy

Back 36

stop one area/constrain it so the area that doesnt work has to

Front 37

Michael Merzenich placed electrodes in monkey brain, made them reach for cup, saw in area for finger movements and increase in neurons/activity BUT

Back 37

once mastered these areas were used less

Front 38

2 great epochs of neuroplasticity

Back 38

critical period: infancy during basic brain processing set up
adult plasticity: mastering skills/abilities ie refining

Front 39

Chess, crosswords..
Ballroom dancing, basketball…
Learning a language, painting…
Physical exercise
*brain fitness: different exercises train different parts of brain

Back 39

frontal lobe
short rang spatial skills
coordination of multiple areas
promote BDNF

Front 40

cognitive remediation

Back 40

teaching/training areas involved in learning and daily activities (tries to reduce cognitive deficits)
mostly for learning deficits/brain injury
*do evaluation before to see if emotional cues involved

Front 41

explain attention training

Back 41

-attention crucial in self regulation
-focuses on executive (involved in many aspects, like intelligence, literacy etc **also implicated in ADHD a impulse control disorder) use variety tasks to strengthen neural networks underlying executive
-must involve working memory(WM involved in executive)

Front 42

how is working memory involved with the executive attention

Back 42

WM uses executive to prioritize/maintain storage of temp info in short term memory
AND
WM needed to control/monitor processes related to conflict ex)remember number

Front 43

cogmed
fastforword
posit science
lumosity
*computer games

Back 43

-WM trained, all ages, healthy&impulse control
-various cognitive skills, children, learning disabilities
-adult version of above
-various cognitive skills,all ages, healthy/impulse/learning disabilty/mild TBI

Front 44

meditation as attention training

Back 44

IBMT
various meditation techniques
aim: maximal benefits of attention
increases white matter/activity in ACC=better self regulation/attentional capacity& decreases stress/fatigue/depression/anxiety/anger

Front 45

school programs for attentional training

Back 45

-developing social skills/emotional regulation essential to learning in social/academic environment
-better effortful control=better everything
**for generalization of this to work need to include in all academic activities

Front 46

other attentional training
interaction with nature
aerobic exercise
music

Back 46

-decrease ADHD symptoms, great attentional control, lower distress, more perception of self worth
-may help academic performance/executive, 30 min help cognitive flexibility/creativity
-need repetition, conc, dedication many years, may improve IQ/WM/auditory processing /nonverbal reasoning/verbal memory

Front 47

Source imaging =

Back 47

inflation in data volume & dimensions
in MEG (so many data points complex to go thru it)

Front 48

event-related epoch=

Back 48

average of the different epochs in the same category
in MEG

Front 49

MEG vs EEG
MEG pros

Back 49

• High sensitivity (minimal noise levels)
• Subject comfort and preparation
• No reference sensor required
• Very little influence of tissue impedances;
modeling of head tissues is
straightforward

Front 50

MEG vs EEG
MEG cons

Back 50

- Definition of spatial resolution is not
straightforward:
- High sensitivity to orientation of
current flow
- Relatively less sensitive to deeper
sources
- Need to monitor head movements
- Cost ~ fMRI

Front 51

MEG vs EEG
EEG pros

Back 51

-Ambulatory
• MRI compatible
• Reasonable cost

Front 52

MEG vs EEG
EEG cons

Back 52

- Long and tedious subject preparation
- Choice of electrical reference is required
- Drifts in electrode impedances
- Spatial resolution affected by skull;
modeling of head tissues is ill-posed
(geometry, impedances