Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The theory of convergence projection says that:
A. the afferent fiber innervates multiple sites B. the dorsal horn is awash in extrasynaptic neurotransmitter substance C. cortical neurons cannot distinguish viceral afferentation from somatic afferentation D. neurons from various sites synapse on the same wide dynamic range neuron |
D. neurons from various sites synapse on the same wide dynamic range neuron
|
|
|
Allodynia is explained by the sensitization of:
A. peripheral A-delta nociceptors B. peripheral mechanoreceptors C. wide dynamic range neurons D. DRG cell bodies |
C. wide dynamic range neurons
|
|
|
The combined effect of glutamate and Substance-P is:
A. the release of magnesium from the NMDA receptor B. the release of endorphins C. direct stimulation of the alpha motor neuron D. delayed reuptake of GABA |
A. the release of magnesium from the NMDA receptor
|
|
|
The etiology of central sensitization is:
A. mechanoreceptive afferentation B. nociceptive afferentation C. Both of the above D. Neither of the above |
B. nociceptive afferentation
|
|
|
The polymodal receptor is a form of:
A: C-nociceptor B. A-delta fiber C. A-beta mechanoreceptor D. alpha motor neuron |
A: C-nociceptor
|
|
|
The Mooney and Robertson study initiate a revival of interest in:
A. central sensitization B. sclerotome pain referral C.neurogenic inflammation D. sympathicotonia |
B. sclerotome pain referral
|
|
|
The motor fiber that is first affected by nociceptive afferentation is the:
A. alpha motor neuron B. coticospinal neuron C. gamma motor neuron D. preganglionic lateral horn neuron |
C. gamma motor neuron
|
|
|
The researcher whose work most strongly supported somatovisceral reflexes and their contribution to disease:
A. Dr. Barry Wyke B. Dr. Rene Cailliet C. Dr. Irvin Korr D. Drs. Mooney & Robertson |
C. Dr. Irvin Korr
|
|
|
Dysafferentation has reference to:
A. increased mechanoreception; decreased nociception B. increased mechanoreception; increased nociception C. decreased mechanoreception; increased nociception D. decreased mechanoreception; decreased nociception |
C. decreased mechanoreception; increased nociception
|
|
|
The sinuvertebral nerve is considered to be a source of disc degeneration due to:
A. its proinflammatory effects B. its proximity to the disc and potential pressure from herniation C. the fact it returns through the IVF where it can become compressed D. its innervation of paraspinal musculature and ligaments |
A. its proinflammatory effects
|
|
|
If one pupil does not constrict in a well lit room:
A. it is the result of sympatheticotonia B. it is the result of parasympathetic atonia C. the other pupil will likely not constrict consensually D. there will be obvious anisocoria in a dimly lit room |
B. it is the result of parasympathetic atonia
|
|
|
The difficulty in reproducing a Tinel sign with sclerotome pain patterns lies in the fact that:
A. neuropathies demonstrate a deficit in conduction B. mechanoreception inhibits the nociception C. the source of afferentation is difficult to locate D. the A-delta fibers within the lesion override the C-fiber noceception |
D. the A-delta fibers within the lesion override the C-fiber noceception
|
|
|
The "bystander" effect is most closely linked with:
A. wiring transmission B. segmental convergence C. volume transmission D. A-delta nociception |
C. volume transmission
|
|
|
Involuntary striated muscle contracts in response to voluntary muscle contraction through the action of:
A. pyramidal stimulation of alpha motor neurons B. extrapyramidal stimulation of gamma motor neurons C. pyramidal stimulation of gamma motor neurons D. extrapyramidal stimulation of alpha motor neurons |
B. extrapyramidal stimulation of gamma motor neurons
|
|
|
The production of local and referred hyperalgesia requires:
A. inflammation B. neuropathic pain C. deactivation of projection neurons D. nociceptive afferentation |
D. nociceptive afferentation
|
|
|
When sympathetic efferent to afferent coupling occurs:
A. visceral and somatic afferent fibers become sensitized B. peripheral release of substance-P is inhibited C. there is immediate stimulation to the polar ends of the intrafusal muscle fiber D. neuropathic pain is spontaneously generated |
A. visceral and somatic afferent fibers become sensitized
|
|
|
The descending inhibitory pathway effectively reduces _____ by release of _____.
A. mechanoreception / GABA B. nociception / substance-P C. cord sensitization / glutamate D. nociception / endorphin |
D. nociception / endorphin
|
|
|
The spread of central excitability has been linked to:
A. norepinephrine B. substance-P C. glycine D. acetylcholine |
B. substance-P
|
|
|
Groupds I, II, III and IV neurons are all classified as:
A. mechanoreceptors B. nociceptors C. afferents D. afferents and efferents |
C. afferents
|
|
|
The one common denominator of sclerotome pain, sympatheticotonia and spasm is that:
A. they all may be initiated by nociceptive afferentation B. they demonstrate nervous system lesions C. they all require somatic afferentation to initiate the reflex D. they are considered to be nonsegmental |
A. they all may be initiated by nociceptive afferentation
|
|
|
Nearly every posterior spinal structure is innervated by:
A. a branch of the anterior primary ramus B. the recurrent nerve C. somatic afferent and efferent fibers only D. a branch of the posterior ramus |
D. a branch of the posterior ramus
|
|
|
When C-nociceptor is stimulated:
A. Substance-P is released at the dorsal horn only B. Substance-P is released at the peripheral terminal ending only C.Substance-P is only released when the neuron has been previously sensitized D. Substance-P is released at both the peripheral and spinal endings |
D. Substance-P is released at both the peripheral and spinal endings
|
|
|
Which will cause mast cell degranulation?
A. Substance-P B. norepinephrine C. Both of the above D. Neither of the above |
C. Both of the above
|
|
|
GABA is known to reduce centeral sensitization by its ability to:
A. interfere with Substance-P release from primary afferent fibers B. inhibit the production and release of glutamate C. block the entrance of calcium into the secondary neuron through the NMDA receptor D. All of the above |
D. All of the above
|
|
|
A sensitized WDR neuron:
A. will send a pain signal when stimulated by a mechanoreceptor B. will only respond to signals from C-nociceptors C. becomes responsive to A-delta stimulation D. provides the patient with a distinct and well demarcated sharp pain pattern |
A. will send a pain signal when stimulated by a mechanoreceptor
|
|
|
Which is considered segmental?
A. sclerotome and dermatome only B. sclerotome, dermatome and myotome only C. dermatome and myotome only D. dermatome only |
B. sclerotome, dermatome and myotome only
|
|
|
Which of the following activates alpha receptors on free nerve endings?
A. GABA B. Substance-P C. norepinephrine D. glutamate |
C. norepinephrine
|
|
|
The majority of postganglionic fibers are:
A. cholinergic B. nonsynaptic C. afferent D. nociceptive |
B. nonsynaptic
|
|
|
Dr. Barry Wyke primarily discussed the:
A. somatosomatic reflex B. somatoviseral reflex C. viscerosomatic reflex D. viscerovisceral reflex |
A. somatosomatic reflex
|
|
|
Both ___ and ___ are ____.
A. corticospinal neurons / alpha neurons / upper motor neurons B. preganglionic fibers / postganglionic fibers / adrenergic C. lower motor neurons / upper motor neurons / segmental D. fusimotor neurons / alpha motor neurons / lower motor neurons |
D. fusimotor neurons / alpha motor neurons / lower motor neurons
|
|
|
According to Dr. DeFranca, what often refers pain into sclerotomes?
A. visceral structures B. trigger points C. deep somatic tissues D. nerve roots |
C. deep somatic tissues
|
|
|
Stimulation of the fusimotor fiber will:
A. relax the intrafusal muscle fiber B. restore internal stretch to the annulospiral C. inhibit excitation of the alpha motor neuron D. increase the resting sarcomere length to >2.0 microns |
B. restore internal stretch to the annulospiral
|
|
|
Which is the correct order of facet pain leading to spasm?
A. SA -> gamma -> alpha -> annulospiral -> extrafusal muscle B. SA -> annulospiral -> gamma -> alpha -> extrafusal muscle C. SA -> gamma -> annulospiral -> alpha -> extrafusal muscle D. SA -> alpha -> annulospiral -> gamma -> extrafusal muscle |
C. SA -> gamma -> annulospiral -> alpha -> extrafusal muscle
|
|
|
Hyporeflexia and hypotonia are attributed to a :
A. SA-VE reflex B. VA-SE reflex C. Both of the above D. Neither of the above |
D. Neither of the above
|
|
|
Which, according to Mooney and Robertson, is never present in sclerotome pain referral?
A. radiating pain B. paresthesiae C. a somatic source D. a segmental pain pattern |
B. paresthesiae
|
|
|
A cortical lesion could potentially be responsible for:
A. patellar hyporeflexia B. diminished corneal reflex C. myotome weakness D. segmental paresthesiae |
B. diminished corneal reflex
|
|
|
Tactile agnosia is best illustrated by:
A. + Romberg test B. agraphesthesia C. hypoesthesia on pinwheel examination D. +Babinski sign |
B. agraphesthesia
|
|
|
Ataxia of cerebellar origin:
A. will worsen in a dark setting B. is generally accompanied by true muscle weakness C. cannot improve with visual input D. will also demonstrate loss of conscious mechanoreception |
C. cannot improve with visual input
|
|
|
In cases of radiculopathy, the Tinel sign:
A. will be absent B. will accompany the akinesthesia C. will be dermatomal D. will manifest throughout the myotome on cervical compression |
C. will be dermatomal
|
|
|
Loss of a single dorsal root will preserve:
A. conscious proprioception B. myotome strength C. the plantar flexor response D. all of the above |
D. all of the above
|
|
|
A lesion of the alpha motor neuron will result in:
A. hypotonia B. hyperreflexia C. preservation of strength D. normal DTR |
A. hypotonia
|
|
|
A lesion of which of the following will cause a + Babinski sign?
A. vestibulospinal B. corticospinal C. dorsal columns D. cauda equinae |
B. corticospinal
|
|
|
The presence of parasthesiae gives evidence that the lesion is:
A. radicular B. within the CNS C. neurological D. cortical |
C. neurological
|
|
|
A radiculopathy may result in a :
A. somatovisceral reflex B. viscerosomatic reflex C. either of the above D. neither of the above |
D. neither of the above
|
|
|
SA fibers may be classified as :
A. "C" B. "A-delta" C. "A-beta" D. All of the above |
D. All of the above
|
|
|
Somatotopic discrimination generally does not occur with:
A. A-delta fibers B. C-fibers C. A-beta fibers D. lemniscal pathway fibers |
B. C-fibers
|
|
|
Which occurs with either a CNS or PNS lesion?
A. weakness and absent superficial reflex B. weakness and spasm C. hyperrflexia and paresthesiae D. flaccidity and + Babinski |
A. weakness and absent superficial reflex
|
|
|
A neuropathy is diagnosed on the basis of:
A. the presence of pain B. evidence of weakness C. the manifestation of deficits D. the absence of both paresthesiae and Tinel sign |
C. the manifestation of deficits
|
|
|
Dematome hyperesthesia pinwheel exam:
A. is indicative of a neuropathy B. could result from a peripheral neuropathy C. indicates the presence of a cord lesion D. is essentially impossible |
D. is essentially impossible
|
|
|
Which lesion site is least likely to result in a loss of conscious proprioception?
A. tract B. peripheral nerve C. IVF D. cortex |
C. IVF
|
|
|
A lesion of third order neurons will preserve:
A. crude pain / touch B. vibratory sense C. DTR D. All of the above |
D. All of the above
|
|
|
In order to exist, all reflexes require:
A. an afferent and efferent branch B. cortical integration C. excitation of SE fibers D. integrity of both ascending and descending tracts |
A. an afferent and efferent branch
|
|
|
If one is sensitive to pinprick in the extremity which demonstrates akinesthesia:
A. the lesion is in the peripheral nerve B. the lesion is in the tract C. the lesion is in the thalamus D. the lesion is in the cortex |
B. the lesion is in the tract
|
|
|
Which is true?
A. Increased inhibition is a lesion state. B Increased excitation is a lesion state. C. Decreased inhibition is a lesion state. D. None of the above are true. |
C. Decreased inhibition is a lesion state.
|
|
|
The muscle tonicity associated with a lower motor neuron lesion represents:
A. increased inhibition B. increased excitation C. decreased inhibition D. decreased excitation |
D. decreased excitation
|
|
|
Agnosia is the result of:
A. increased inhibition B. decreased inhibition C. increased excitation D. decreased excitation |
D. decreased excitation
|
|
|
What is the relationship between the dermatome, myotome, and associated reflex?
A. They are innervated from the same cord level. B. They share the same peripheral nerve. C. Their innervating neuron enter and exit the same IVF. D. They share the same homonculus. |
C. Their innervating neuron enter and exit the same IVF.
|
|
|
A plexopathy will affect the:
A. myotome and dermatome of the involved peripheral nerve(s) B. distribution of only the anterior primary ramus C. distribution of both anterior and posterior primary rami D. the segmental distratbution of the involved nerve roots |
B. distribution of only the anterior primary ramus
|
|
|
Which fiber will manifest segmentally in a neuropathy.
A. A-delta B. C-nociceptor C. A-beta D. mechanoreception |
A. A-delta
|
|
|
Which could never manifest segmentally?
A. nociception B. deficit C. agnosia D. flaccidity |
C. agnosia
|
|
|
In general, an extrapyramidal lesion will present with?
A. spasticity B. + Babinski C. apraxia D. all of the above |
A. spasticity
|
|
|
The spinoreticulothalamic tract primarily carries:
A. somatotopically discriminated nociception B. nondiscriminated mechanoreception C. generalized, dull, achy pain D. inhibitory signals to the alpha motor neurons |
C. generalized, dull, achy pain
|
|
|
Hyperalgesia is seen commonly associated with:
A. upper motor neuron lesions B. segmental deficits C. paresthesiae D. non-neurological lesions |
D. non-neurological lesions
|
|
|
A + Babinski is likely accompanied by:
A. weakness B. hypertonicity C. hyperreflexia D. All the above |
D. All the above
|
|
|
Which sensory deficit(s) will generally accompany a radiculopathy?
A. decrease vibratory sense B. hypoesthesia C. decreased pain on deep pressure D. agraphesthesia |
B. hypoesthesia
|
|
|
An example of a group (type) IV neuron is the:
A. mechanoreception B. C-nociceptor C. A-beta D. annulospiral |
B. C-nociceptor
|
|
|
Substance-P and glutamate are closely associated with:
A. nociception B. mechoreception C. sympathetic stimulation D. inhibition of pain transmittion |
A. nociception
|
|
|
Allodynia would most likely accompany:
A. paresthesiae B. segmental deficits C. a Tinel sign D. hyperesthesia |
D. hyperesthesia
|
|
|
Generalized weakness, hypotonicity, hyporeflexia, and hypoesthesia throughout one leg is best attributed to a:
A. cortical lesion B. plexopathy C. midthoracic hemisection of the cord D. radiculopathy |
B. plexopathy
|
|
|
The unique feature of a radiculopathy is that all signs and symptoms are:
A. reproducible on cervical examination B. segmental C. neuropathic D. mixed (motor and sensory) |
B. segmental
|
|
|
Inhibition of the gamma fiber wil result in:
A. hyperreflexia B. hyporeflexia C. weakness D. akinesthesia |
B. hyporeflexia
|
|
|
Increased distance between Z-lines would manifest as:
A. spasm B. weakness C. hypotonicity D. paralysis |
C. hypotonicity
|
|
|
In the SA-SE reflex model, where is the lesion?
A. in the afferent fiber B. in the spinal segment C. in the efferent fiber D. in the somatic tissue |
D. in the somatic tissue
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of discogenic referred pain without neuropathy?
A. compressive radiculopathy B. irritation of the cauda equina C. afferentation D. dural inflamm ation |
C. afferentation
|
|
|
The intrafusal fiber most involved in spasticity is the:
A. nuclear chain B. nuclear bag C. flower spray D. alpha motor neuron |
A. nuclear chain
|
|
|
A lumbar central disc will most likely cause:
A. lumbago B. sclerotome pain C. radiculopathy D. + Babinski |
A. lumbago
|
|
|
Dural tests may be positive in cases of:
A. nerve compression B. nerve irritation C. Both of the above D. Neither of the above |
C. Both of the above
|
|
|
The sinuvertebral nerve is capable of producing:
A. sclerotome pain B. extrasegmental pain C. segmental pain D. All of the above |
D. All of the above
|
|
|
The most widely accepted test of dural integrity is:
A. SLR B. Valsalva C. neck flexion D. Braggard |
B. Valsalva
|
|
|
"Internal stretch" on the spindle refers to:
A. muscle tension during active contraction B. muscle lengthening C. gamma stimulation to the intrafusal muscle fiber D. alpha stimulation the the extrafusal muscle fiber |
C. gamma stimulation to the intrafusal muscle fiber
|
|
|
Which statement is true?
A. The GTO is directly activated by stretch to the muscle. B. Both external and internal stretch fire the spindle. C. Both external and internal stretch relax the spindle. D. External stretch fires a spindle, but internal stretch relaxes it. |
B. Both external and internal stretch fire the spindle.
|
|
|
Which will increase muscle tone?
A. stimulation to the gamma motor neuron B. stimulation to the alpha motor neuron C. stimulation to the annulospiral D. All of the above |
D. All of the above
|
|
|
Fusimotor fibers terminate on:
A. the polar ends of the intrafusal fibers B. the equatorial region of the intrafusal fiber C. the myoneural junction of the extrafusal fiber D. the alpha motor neuron |
A. the polar ends of the intrafusal fibers
|
|
|
Which is not considered a test for dural integrity?
A. SLR B. Soto-Hall C. Valsalva D. Braggard |
D. Braggard
|
|
|
Isometric contraction of the antagonist works on the princliple of:
A. reciprocal inhibition B. flower spray inhibition C. stimulation of the GTO D. antidromic stimulation of the Renshaw cell |
A. reciprocal inhibition
|
|
|
The theory of convergence projection says that:
A. the afferent fiber innervates multiple sites B. the dorsal horn is awash in extrasynaptic neurotransmitter substance C. cortical neurons cannot distinguish viseral afferentation from somatic afferentation D. neurons from various sites synapse on the same wide dynamic range neurons |
D. neurons from various sites synapse on the same wide dynamic range neurons
|
|
|
The combined effect of glutamate and substance-P is:
A. the release of magnesium from the NMDA receptor B. the release of endorphins C. direct stimulation of the alpha motor neuron D. delayed reuptake of GABA |
A. the release of magnesium from the NMDA receptor
|
|
|
The sinuvertebral nerve is considered to be a source of disc degeneration due to:
A. its proinflammatory effects B. its proximity to the disc and potential pressure from herniation C. the fact that it returns through the IVF where it can be compressed D. its innervation of paraspinal musculature and ligaments |
A. its proinflammatory effects
|
|
|
The difficulty in reproducing a Tinel sign with sclerotome pain patterns lies in the fact that:
A. neuropathies demonstrate a deficit in conduction B. mechanoreception inhibits the nociception C. the source of afferentation is difficult to isolate D. the A-delta fibers within the lesion overrides the C-fiber nociception |
D. the A-delta fibers within the lesion overrides the C-fiber nociception
|
|
|
When sympathetic effernt to affernet coupling occurs:
A. viseral and somatic affernet fibers become sensitizied B. peripheral release of substance-P is inhibited C. there is immediate stimulation to the polar ends of the intrafusal fiber D. neuropathic pain is spontaneously generated |
A. viseral and somatic affernet fibers become sensitizied
|
|
|
The one common denominator of sclerotome pain, sympathicotonia and spasm:
A. they all may be initiated by nociceptive afferentation B. they demonstrate nervous system lesions C. they all require somatic afferentation to initiate the reflex D. they are considered to be non-segmental |
A. they all may be initiated by nociceptive afferentation
|
|
|
When a C-nociceptor is stimulated:
A. Substance P is released at the dorsal horn only B. Sub-P is released at the peripheral terminal ending only C. Sub-P is only released when the neuron has been previously sensitized D. Sub-P is released at both the peripheral and spinal endings |
D. Sub-P is released at both the peripheral and spinal endings
|
|
|
Which is considered segmental?
A. sclerotome, and dermatome only B. sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome only C. dermatome and mytome only D. dermatome only |
B. sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome only
|
|
|
Which of the following activates alpha receptors on free nerve endings?
A. GABA B. sub-p C. NorEpi D. glutamate |
C. NorEpi
|
|
|
According to Dr. DeFranca, what often refers pain into sclerotomes?
A. visceral structures B. trigger points C. deep somatic tissues D. nerve roots |
C. deep somatic tissues
|
|
|
Which is the correct order of facet pain leading to spasm?
A. SA-gamma-alpha-annulospiral-extrafusal mm fiber B. SA-annulospiral-gamma-alpha-extrafusal mm fiber C. SA-gamma-annulospiral-alpha-extrafusal mm fiber D. SA-alpha-annulospiral-gamma-extrafusal mm fiber |
C. SA-gamma-annulospiral-alpha-extrafusal mm fiber
|
|
|
When a Renshaw synapses with a Renshaw cell, the effect is:
A. excitation of the involved mm B. disinhibition of the involved mm C. increase tonicity of the involved mm D. all of the above |
D. all of the above
|
|
|
Which of the following does NOT utilize an interneuron or Renshaw cell:
A. reciprocal inhibition B. extrapyramidal reduction of mm tone C. annulospiral homonymous facilitation D. annulospiral to antagonistic mm spindle |
C. annulospiral homonymous facilitation
|
|
|
Gamma firing will:
A. stimulate the Ia and inhibit the IIa fibers B. stimulate the IIa and inhibit the Ia fibers C. stimulate both the Ia and IIa fibers D. inhibit both the Ia and IIa fibers |
A. stimulate the Ia and inhibit the IIa fibers
|
|
|
When the alpha motor neuron fires:
A. gamma fires to restore internal stretch B. gamma fires to reduce internal stretch C. gamma remains silent until contraction is complete D. gamma fires in order to reduce the external stretch experienced by the spindle during active contraction |
A. gamma fires to restore internal stretch
|
|
|
The etiology of central sensitization is acepted by researchers to be nociceptive afferentation
True or False |
True
|
|
|
Allodynia results from a CNS lesion
True of False |
False
|
|
|
Both sub-p and NorEpi will cause mast cell degranulation and subsequent inflammation
True or False |
True
|
|
|
The fusimotor system is classified as an upper neuron system
|
False
|
|
|
The majority of sympathetic effects is through the process of volume transmission
|
True
|
