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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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afferent
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something coming in includes sensory
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efferent
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out flow information includes motor
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Two fundamentals of neurons system
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CNS and PNS
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CNS
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Include brain and spinal cord
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PNS
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include spinal nerves, cranial nerves, ganglia, efferent and afferent
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Classification of physiollogy
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Somatic nerves system
Automatic nervous system |
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Somatic nerves
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muscle, skin, mucous membrane
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automatic nervous system
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smooth, glands of internal organ, bloood vessel, afferent and efferent,
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Functional units
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neurons and glial cells
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neurons
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monsynaptic, polysynatpic
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glial cells
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support or neuroglial cellss, (diesase cocuring)
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nuclei CNS include
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projection neurons and interneurons
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ganglia
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PNS
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Tracts and Commisures consist of
T.C.N.M |
Tracts in the spinal c ord columns (funicali)
Commisures: horizontal connection Neuropils Multiple tracts and redundancy |
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commisures are
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horizontal connection
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Types of Synapes in CNS
AAAD |
axondendritic
axosomatic axoaxomic dendrodentritic |
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excitory
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axondendritic
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axoaxomic
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medulators
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axosomatic
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inhibitory
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excitory or inhibitory
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dendrodentritic
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Neuroglia charactertistic
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10/1
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macroglia
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astrocytes (proplasmic and fibrous)
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Macrgolia has support
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astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann Cells (PnS) |
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Macrcoglia which is from PNS and CNS)
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oligodendrocytes (CNS)
Schwann Cells Pns |
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Microglia
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macrophages
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Two distinguishes of neurons
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axons
glial cells out of 10 -1 |
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Dgeneration and Regeneration
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Wallerian degernation
Axon Reaction (Chromatolysis) |
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Steps 1
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Framentation of axon and myelin occurs in distal stump
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Step 2
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Schwann cells form cord. grow into cut, and united stumps. macrophages engluf degenerated axon and myelin
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step 4
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Axon continues to grow into distal stymp and is enfolded by Schwann Cells
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Regenration in the PNS
accident: |
nerve crush-truma and transected, nerve transection
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Ex of PNS trauma
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VerTEBRAL cOLUM sPINAL cORD
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Regneration in the CNS
where? |
typically abortive" ex: vertabl, spinal tract
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Collateral Sprouting
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Damage the motor nurons and atrophy
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Signaling in Nervous System
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Depolarization, inhibit, modulate
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Step 3
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Axon sends into network of schwann cellls and then starts grwoing along cord of schwann
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Membrane Potention Characterisitic
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Resting Potential 70 ml
Maintenance of equilibrium |
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Characteristic of maintence of equilibrium
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Chemical force
electrical force |
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chemical force
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chem force move NA inward and K outward
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electrical force
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tends to move Na and K inword
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Generation Potential
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"mechanoreceptors" SST, corpusal, 'graded'
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Sequence of Action Potentials
step1 |
incoming deploration
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sequence AP
step2 |
sodium channels open
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sequence Ap
step 3 |
membrane begins to depolarize
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sequence Ap
step 4 |
if the action continues (threshold) or all or none potential
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step 5 Ap
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K channels open leading to hyperpolarization
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3 Effects of myelination
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"Slatatory conduction "
decresed metabolic cost increased conduction velocity |
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Salttatory define
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Conducts and saves metabolic cost
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Salatory and AP
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a) Action potential of initial signal
b) depolarization to thresholds of node c) action potentiol of node sodium exposed in Rodes of Randium |
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Types of Fibers
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A- large and myelinated (large and rapid)
B- small and myelinated C-fibers smallest and unmyelinated |
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A Fibers
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sensory motor for signal
large diameter means increase speed |
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B fibers
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small, little slower, autonomic function
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C fibers
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Smallext and unmyelinated
slowest server pain autonic function |
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Synaptic Transmission
Fast and slow |
slow is second messenger
fast is directly linked |
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Directly linked
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ligand-gated ion channel
excitory or inhibitory |
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Second Messenger
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activation of G protein
"cascade" of events that take time excitory or inhibitory but msots often modulatory |
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Neuromuscular junction
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Motor end plate
ex: myienstin velvis |
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Synaptic Transmission
find fast and slow |
fast is directly linked
slow is second messenger |
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examples of fast
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ligand-gated ion channel
excitory or inhibitory |
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examples of second messenger
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activation of G protein
cascade of events that take time excitory or inhibitory but often modulatory |
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Neuromuscular junction (motor end plate)
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myienstina velvis
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Excitory and Inhibitory Synaptic Actions
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Excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP)
Inhibory post synaptic potentials (IPSPS_ |
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EPSP
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Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic sidds
Opens or closses channel: depolarization |
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EPSP Opens and Closes
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Opens: deplorization, sodium calcium and axondendriticit
closes: potasium |
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IPSP
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more likely ions get in
inceases premeability to Cl or k hyperpoliztion axosmatian general |
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IPSP axon:
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axosmatian
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EPSP: axon
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axondendritic
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Presynaptic Inhibiton
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controls transmission of the postsynaptic axon
sets the gain at the input |
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presynaptic
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axon to axon
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direct inhibiton
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will not fire
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inhibitory interneurons
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decreased fireing-prevent injury joint/tissue
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integration 3
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Effect of multiple inputs
Integration of excitory an inhibitory signals Rate and pattern also affect the neuron |
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Lesion
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zone of localized dysfunction of PNS or CNS
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Types of Lesion
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Anatomic
Physiologic |
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Examples of Anatomic lesion
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Stroke brain trama
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examples of physioloig lesion
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metabolic insufiency
lost part of brain |
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Symptoms
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subjective sensation
"I have a headache" |
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signs
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object abnormalities based on examination or laboratory
MRi |
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Positive abnormalities
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"inapperopriate excitation"
ex: seizure, spasticyt |
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Syndrome
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Signs and symptoms associated with each other
suggest a comon orgin Wallenber's syndrome |
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Where is the lesion?
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Focal Process
Multifocal Process Diffuse Process |
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Focal process lesion
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focal pathology
"a single tension" |
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Multifocal Process lesion
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multifocal pituary
many lesion in location |
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Diffuse process
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diffuse dysfunction produced by toxin and metabolic abnormalites
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rostrocaudal localization
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weakness of the left leg
Nostrol determine the nuclei and fiber tracts that are affected and to consider the constellation of structures involved |
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transverse locltion
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find where the lesion to consider the transver plane and within the cross sectionolnf the brain or spoinal cord
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Causes of Dysfunction
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Destruction
Compression Comprise of ventricular pathways or vasculature |
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Destruction (neurvous or glial cells)
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vascular comprise (stroke/interior)
Parkinson disease |
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parkinson disease
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destruction of myelin (inflamtion)
destruction of axons (spinal cord injury not reversible) |
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Compression of the brain
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ex: subdural hematoma (uncontrol bleeding) bone spurs
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compression of the brain
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herniated disks
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Compression of ventricular pathways or vasculature
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obstruction of cerebral spinal fluid
Occlusion of arteries ( cluld lead to infracture) |
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Spinal roots
how many |
31 nerves
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Nerves
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Venetral root and dorsal
intervertrebral foramina |
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Ventral root and dorsal
how many rootlet |
1-8 rootlet
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Ventral roots
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primarily motor (Ventral Efferent motor)
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Dorsal Roots
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Prmarily sensory(Dorsal afferent sensory)
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Types of Nerve Fibers
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Somatic Efferent fibers
Somatic Afferent Fibers Visceral Efferent Fibers Visceral Afferent fibers |
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Somatic Efferent Fibers
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innvervate skeletal muscle
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Somatic Afferent Fibers
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ex: skin, joints, muscle (sensory)
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Visceral Efferent Fibers
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ex: autonomic fibers (sympathetic), parasympathtic fibers
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Viscerall Afferent fibers
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Visceral sensory
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dermatomes
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diagram of region of skin
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Myotomes
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jTesting Muscle Function pg. 328
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Internal Divsion of spinal
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gray
and white meatter |
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gray matter
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columns, intermedial lateral, dorsal gray column
laminas |
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coluns (gray matter)
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ventral horn
contains somatic motor, LMN (lower motor neuron) |
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intermedial lateral (gray matter)
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autonmic nervous system
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dorsal gray column
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somatic sensory
part of pain pathway |
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Laminas
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1 to 4
4 and 5 7 8 9 |
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Laminas 1-4
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exteroceptive inforamtion
Outside enviorment |
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V and iV
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proprioceptice information
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VII
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relay between mid brain and cerebellum
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vIII
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modulates motor activates mainly gamma motor neurons
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ix
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main motor area
alpha and gamma motor neurons somatopic organization |
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white matter
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columns
dorsal, lateral, ventral, myelinated and unmyelinated fibers |
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Pathways in white matter
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Descending fiber system
Vestibulospinal tracts Rubrospinal tract-flexor tectopsinal tract head medial longitudinal fasciculus |
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Fasciulus
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cordination of head and eye movements
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Spinothalamic tract
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(ventrolateral/anterolateral)
crude and pain |
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Ddorsal sphinocerebellar
and ventral spinocerebellar |
provide input from the spinal cord to cerebellum
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spinoretciular pathways
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deep pain, small diameter
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Refflexes components
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receptors
afferent neuron effector |
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Types of Reflexes
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Superficial (skin)
tendon ( myotatic stretch reflex) visceral patholgical (abnormal) |
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Poly synaptic Reflexes
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Reciprocal (0n and off)
Divergence (exhibit or excitory) Summation Hiearchy |
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Muscle spindle
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specialised intrafusal muscle
stretch also strentc nuclear bag to dynamic respons reciprocal inhibiton( on or off) |
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Refflexes
gamma motro |
lamina 9
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Lesion and disorder
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lower and upper
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lower lesion motor
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signs: flaccid paralysis, atrophy, deep tendon reflexes absent, fasicilation
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upper motor
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white matter, corex
signs: spastic paralysis little or no atrophy hyperactive deep tendon reflexes pathological reflexes present |
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Investing membranes
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ddrua mater
arachnoid pia matter |
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dentate ligameClinical Corrnt
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denticulate ligament
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Vertebral columm
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Clinical correlation
spinafida |
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Clinical Correlation
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herniated disc
Invertebral foramina slenosis (repitive loading) spondylosis spinafida |
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spondylosis
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can produce rodiculer signs and symkptoms
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spinafida
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failure of neural tube to close at caudal end types
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Types of spinafida
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1) spsinafida oculta
2) spina bifida with |
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spinabifida with
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menigocele or meningomyelocele
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Lumbar Puncture (spinal tap)
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spinal cords end of L1
performed at L4 and l5 junction into dural sac between arachnoid and pia matter |
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Imaging of the spinal cord and spine
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Roentgenography (plain fil xray)
Computedd tomography (CT scan) Manetic resonance Imaging (MRI) soft tissue |
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Decesending system
tract: LC, AC, V |
Lateral corticospinal
Anterior corticospina Vestibulo tract |
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descending fibers
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Rubrospina
Reticulospinal Descending autonomic tectospinal medial Longitudinal fasciculus |
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Function descending Lateral corticospinal tract
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fine function (controls distal musculature)
Modulation of sensory functions |
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Anterior corticospinal descending
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Gross and postural motor function ( proximal and axial musculature)
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Vestibulospinal tract
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Postural reflexesq
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Rubrospinal descending
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motor function
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Reticulospina descending
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Modulation of sensory transmission (especiallly pain) Modulation of spinal reflexes
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Descending autonomic
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modulation of autonomic functions
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tectospinal
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reflex head turning
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Medial longitundinal fasciculus descending
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cordination of head and eye movement
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Ascending fiber tract:
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spinothalamic tract
dorsal spinocerebellar tract |
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spinothalamic tracts
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sharp pain, temperature, crude touch
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dorsal spino cerebellar tract
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movement and position mechanism
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ascending system
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dorsal column
ventral spino cerebllar spinoreticular pathway |
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dorsal column
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finetouch, proprioception, two point discrimintion
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ventral spinocerebellarqmovement and position mechanismqspinoreticular pathway
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deep and chronic pain
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