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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Liquid part of blood; contains proteins essential for immune response and blood clotting.
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Plasma
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3 Formed Elements of the Blood
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Leukocytes (WBCs) - Part of immune system.
Erythrocytes (RBCs) - Carry oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide Thrombocytes (Platelets) - Coagulation process. |
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RBC Count
(lab value) |
Men: 4.2 – 5.4 x 10(6) / uL
Women 3.6 - 5.0 x 10(6) / uL |
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Hemoglobin
(lab value) |
Men 14 - 18g / dL
Women 12 - 16g / dL |
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Hematocrit
(lab value) |
Men 40 - 52%
Women 37 - 47% |
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Hemoglobin: Structure
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Two alpha chains
Two beta chains Each protein chain holds one iron-containing heme group Oxygen binds to the heme group |
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Stimulated by decreased blood oxygen detected by kidneys. Process by which red blood cells (RBCs) are produced.
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Erythropoiesis
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Hormon secreted by kidneys to stimulate RBC production, after detecting decreased blood oxygen.
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Erythropoietin
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Last about 120 days
Membranes become weakened No nuclei, so they cannot make new membrane components Eventually break as they squeeze through capillaries. |
Red Blood Cells
(RBCs) |
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Process: RBCs -> Spleen -> bilirubin
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Most RBCs break in spleen where WBCs are ready to process.
Hemoglobin breaks down globulin parts (converted to amino acids) and heme. Heme is changed to unconjugated bilirubin (toxic); not water soluble so attached to albumin and sent to liver |
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2 Results when RBCs are destroyed outside the spleen
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Hemoglobinemia - plasma turns red.
Hemoglobinuria - urine turns cola-color |
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3 Factors to Producing Healthy RBCs
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Iron - forms hemoglobin rings to carry oxygen.
Vitamin B12 & Folic Acid - forms supporting structure that can survive for 120 days Essential Amino Acids & Carbs - to complete hemoglobin rings, cell membrane, and basic structure. |
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SQ- Tx of anemia associated with renal failure and patients on dialysis; reduction of need for surgical transfucions; anemia associated with AIDS & chemotherapy.
Natural glycoprotein that stimulates RBC production in the bone. Side effects: H/A, arthralgias, fatigue, asthenia, dizziness, hypertension, edema, chest pain, N/V, diarrhea. |
epoetin alfa
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PO - tx of iron-deficiency anemia; dietary iron supplement
Elevates serum iron concentration and converted to hemoglobin or stored. Side effects: GI upset, anorexia, N/V, constipation, diarrhea, CNS toxicity progressing to coma or death with overdose. |
ferrous sulfate
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PO, IM, SQ, IV - tx of megaloblastic anemia due to disease or nutritional deficiency.
Required for nucleoprotein synthesis and maintenance of erythropoiesis. Side effects: allergic reaction, pain at injection site. |
folic acid
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IM - tx of b12 deficiency; to meet increased b12 needs related to disease, pregnancy or blood loss.
Essential for nucleic acid and protein synthesis; used for growth, cell production, hematopoiesis, and nucleoprotein and myelin synthesis. Side effects: Itching, exanthema, diarrhea, anaphylactic reaction, HF, pulmonary edema, hypokalemia, pain at injection site. |
hydroxocobalamin
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PO- reduction of frequency of painful crisis and need for blood transfusions in adult patients with sickle cell.
Increases fetal hemoglobin production in the bone marrow and dilutes the formation of abnormal hemoglobin, Side effects: N/V, dizziness, H/A, rash, erythema, anorexia, stomatitis, bone marrow suppression, cancer. |
hydroxyurea
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Chelating Agent
For iron detoxicity |
deferoxamine
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Mutation in beta chains of hemoglobin.
Deoxygenation causes beta chains to link together forming long protein rods. |
Sickle Cell Disease
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