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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Non-invasive test using radio waves and magnetic field to view soft tissue. Can be "open" or "closed". Gadolinium sometimes injected to enhance visualization. Bladder half full for pelvic exam. upto 90mins. *NO metal*
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Non-invasive test to determine the density of bone. Evaluates structural or functional change in bone and joints. Verify not pregnant. Avoid excessive exposure.
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X-ray
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Non-invasive test. X-ray beam used with computer for 3D picture. Used to identify soft tissue and bony abnormalities and trauma. Contrast may be used - check shellfish allergy. Verify not pregnant. Inform patient to remain still.
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Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
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Non-invasive test measuring bone mass of spine, femur, forearm and total body. Allows assessment of bone density with minimal radiation. Diagnose metabolic bone disease & monitor change in bone density with treatment.
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Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
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Invasive - Injection of radioisotope [technetium (Tc)-99] that is taken up by bone.
Uniform uptake = normal Increased uptake = osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, primary & metastatic malignant lesions of bone and certain fractures. Decreased uptake = avascular necrosis |
Bone Scan
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Invasive - surgical procedure used to examine the internal structure of a joint, using an arthroscope. General or local anesthesia. NPO @ 00:00. NSAIDs & opioids
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Arthroscopy
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Invasive - Contrast media or air is injected into the joint cavity to allow for visualization of joint structures. Client moves through series of movements while an x-ray is taken.
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Arthrogram
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Condition when bone reabsorption exceeds the rate of bone reformation.
Primary = decreased hormones with aging Secondary = Disease, medications |
Osteoporosis (porous bone)
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Mature bone cells.
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Osteocytes
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Cells that build bone.
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Osteoblasts
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Cells that break down bone.
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Osteoclasts
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6 Osteoporosis Risk Factors
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Ethnicity (whites & Asians)
Sex (women > men) Small frame Family history (esp. 1st degree relative) Diet Smoking |
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3 Treatments for Osteoporosis
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Weight bearing exercise
Nutrition Medications - Bisphosphonates: Fosomax, Boniva = take on empty stomach in morning; remain upright for 30-60mins. |
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Injury to ligaments surrounding a joint.
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Sprain
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Excessive stretching of muscle or tendon.
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Strain
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Treatment of sprains and strains.
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R.I.C.E, analgesics and NSAIDs
Rest Ice (after 48 hours mild heat) Compression Elevation |
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Nursing implementations for sprains & strains
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Neurovascular checks
Wrap before exercise Analgesics PRN Teach stretching and warming up. |
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Compression of the median nerve, associated with continuous wrist movement, causing weakness (esp. thumb), burning pain, numbness, clumsiness.
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
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7 Risk factors for Carpal Tunnel Syndrom
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Trauma
Tenosynovitis Neoplasm Rheumatoid Arthritis Ganglia Hormonal changes Diabetes Mellitus |
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Treatment and Nursing Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
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Education
Splints / corticosteroid injections Open release surgery Endoscopic carpal tunnel release |
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4 reasons Lower Back Pain is a common problem
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Bears most of body weight.
Most flexible area of spine. Contains nerve roots. Has poor structure. |
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5 Risk factors for Lower Back Pain
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Poor posture
Incorrect lifting Pregnancy Overweight Standing / sitting long periods of time |
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Lasts 4 weeks or less; DOMS (delayed Onset Muscle Soreness); treated with analgesics / NSAIDs, muscle relaxants (cyclobenzaprine - Flexeril), massage & back manipulation, Heat & cold
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Acute Low Back Pain
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Lasting 3 months or longer. Treatment is the same for acute condition; epidural corticosteroid injections or implanted devices; surgical interventions.
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Chronic Low Back Pain
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Spine surgery to remove the portion of the vertebral bone called the lamina.
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Laminectomy
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Metal rods or pieces of bone wedged between vertebra to stabilize.
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Spinal Fusion
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2 examples of Intervertebral Disc Disease
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Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD)
Herniated Intervertebral Disc (slipped disc) |
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4 examples of the clinical manifestations of Intervertebral Disc Disease
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Low back pain (most common)
Decreased or absent reflexes Impotence Bowel & bladder incontinence (medical emergency) |
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5 ways to manage Intervertebral Disc Disease
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Restricted activity for several days
Medication Ice & Heat Physical Therapy Surgery (Harrington Rods) |
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7 examples of Nursing Management after Spinal Surgery
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Maintain proper alignment (log rolling)
Pain Meds - opioids, PCA, spinal catheter. Assess for severe headache or leakage on dressing (CSF) Assess movement and sensation in extremities *Spinal fusions have longer post-op; Brace is used; Education (avoid long standing or sitting, firm mattress) |
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Break in continuity of a bone, usually due to trauma. Small fragments cause soft tissue damage.
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Fracture
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Bone is weakened by disease and breaks during normal activity.
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Pathological Fracture
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Normal bone breaks after repeated stresses.
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Fatigue / stress fracture
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4 criteria for classifying fractures.
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Open or closed
Complete or incomplete Direction line of fracture Displaced or non-displaced |
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5 P's of Neurovascular checks
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Pain
Paresthesia Paralysis Pulse Pallor |
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6 common Signs & Symptoms of Fractures
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Pain / swelling at site
Loss of function Deformity Shortening Crepitus Ecchymosis |
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6 Factors that Promote Fracture Healing
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Immobilization
Bone fragment contact Blood Supply Nutrition Exercise Hormones |
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10 Factors the Inhibit Fracture Healing
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Trauma
bone loss Poor Immobilization Infection Bone disease Radiation Avascular necrosis Age Medications Weight bearing too soon |
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Reduction or "setting" of a fracture involving external manipulation to realign bones
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Closed Reduction
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Reduction or "setting" of a fracture involving a surgical procedure to realign bones
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Open Reduction
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