Nitrogen Metabolism

Front 1

Unlike glucose and fatty acids, amino acids

Back 1

can not be stored

Front 2

amino acids can be broken down and used as

Back 2

fuel and carbons for glucose/lipid synthesis

Front 3

N component of amino acids

Back 3

can not be used= build up of ammonia

Front 4

Why is ammonia toxic?

Back 4

Increases pH alters the redox balance, can disrupt protein strucutre/function

Front 5

Ammonia can disrupt

Back 5

ox-phos protin gradient

Front 6

Degraded ammonia is secreted in the urine as

Back 6

urea

Front 7

Positive N balance

Back 7

N input> output (childhood, pregnancy)

Front 8

Negative N balance

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Ninput < N output (dietary deficiency, disease)

Front 9

Muscule protein broken down for crucial functinos

Back 9

gluconeogenesis and synthesis or protein in other tissues

Front 10

Hypercatabolic state

Back 10

increased fuel storage, body needs energy and precursors for defense, mobilize fat for energy, negative N balance,

Front 11

Amino acids come from

Back 11

dietary protein, endogenous protein turnover, Endogenous AA synthesis

Front 12

10 essential proteins from diet

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F, V, W, T, I, M, H, R, K, L
Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine Histidine, Arginine, Lysine, Leucine

Front 13

Arginine

Back 13

essential for growth and only made in urea cycle

Front 14

Alanine, aspartate and glutamate are made through

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transamination of pyruvate, oxaloacetate and a-ketoglutarate respectively

Front 15

Tyrosine is made from

Back 15

phenyalynine

Front 16

Urea cycle is the highest when

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you've just eaten and breaking down proteins, or when fasted and need muscle proteins/amino acids for gluconeogensis

Front 17

acid in stomach helps

Back 17

denature proteins so easily cleaved

Front 18

You ate proteins what happens to the amino acids

Back 18

some will be used to make proteins, others brea kdown to make energy or stored as fat

Front 19

Fasting-protein

Back 19

muscle protein break down into amino acids for gluconeogensis, some break down for energy and some to make proteins

Front 20

Urea cycle is at its highest when

Back 20

amino acids are being broken down, just eaten protein or fasting and amino acids used for gluconeogenesis

Front 21

Amino acids unneeded for protein synthesis must

Back 21

remove the amino group to be broken down

Front 22

amino acids catbolized by

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transamination or deamination

Front 23

amino acid gives amine group to

Back 23

alpha-ketoglutarate producing glutamate

Front 24

Pyruvate to alanine uses

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ALT

Front 25

Aspartate to OAA uses

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AST

Front 26

Aminotransferases required

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pyridoxal phosphate

Front 27

PLP made in liver from

Back 27

vitamin B6 and trasnfers a Nitrogen gruop in aminotransferases reactions

Front 28

Glucogenic carbons

Back 28

degrade to pyruvate or TCA cycle intermediates

Front 29

Ketogenic carbons

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ultimately degraded to acetyl CoA acetoacetate

Front 30

Insulin promotes

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AA uptake and protein synthesis

Front 31

Glucagon and cortisol stimulate

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amino acid uptake in liver

Front 32

Glucocorticoids induce

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ubiquitin synthesis, cortisol simtulates gluconeogensis so AAs needed to provide precursors

Front 33

Brain needs AA to make

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neurotransmitters

Front 34

Liver uses a lot of _____ in the fasted state

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amino acids

Front 35

muscle is a major source of ____ in fasted state

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amino acids

Front 36

muscle protein has a lot of

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branches chain amino acids

Front 37

many tissues can also use ____ in a fast

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glutamine

Front 38

Glutamate can be deaminated by

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glutamat dehydrogenase

Front 39

What is produces in glutamat deamination?

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ammona and alpha-ketoglutarate

Front 40

Where does glutamate deamination occur

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in liver and kidney an dmuscle if need to regenerate alpha-ketoglutarate

Front 41

Deamination of glutamate releases____

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nitrogen and goes to urea cycle

Front 42

3 other ways free ammonia is made

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purine metabolism, bacterial metabolism in gut, and metabolism of serine and threonine

Front 43

glutamate can also carry free____

Back 43

ammonia

Front 44

Ammonia can also be transferred as

Back 44

Alanine

Front 45

In liver alanine gives ammino grup back to glutamat regenerating

Back 45

pyruvate

Front 46

3 molecules that can carry ammonia

Back 46

glutamate, glutamine, and alanine

Front 47

urea is transported

Back 47

from the blood to kidneys for excretion

Front 48

Where does aspartate for urea cycle come from?

Back 48

glutamine break down in liver by glutaminase

Front 49

Synthesis of urea is

Back 49

irreversible

Front 50

first two step of urea take place in

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mitochondria

Front 51

CPS1 is

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rate limiting step

Front 52

Second N comes from

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aspartate

Front 53

Arginine is made from

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urea cycle

Front 54

Urea cycle uses

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ATP

Front 55

BUN go up if

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kidney failure or high protein diet

Front 56

BUN decrease w

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liver failure

Front 57

urea impairment results in

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hyperammonia

Front 58

Hereditary urea cycle disorders linked to

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autosomal recessive except for ornithine transcarbomylase is X linked

Front 59

CPS1 is stimulated by

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NAG made by acetyl coA and glutamate

Front 60

cortisol

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cortisol is primary hypercatabolic breakdown for protein it stimulates ubiquitin synthesis

Front 61

Insulin activates

Back 61

PFK2, acetyl coA carboxylase, glycogen synthase, and pyruvate kinase