Niacc A&p Unit 1

Front 1

Monomers that bond to form protein

Back 1

Amino acids

Front 2

Adjacent amino acids in a protein molecule are joined by_______

Back 2

peptide bonds

Front 3

Peptide bonds are formed by ________ reactions

Back 3

condensation(dehydration) reactions

Front 4

Primary structure of a protein

Back 4

the sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Front 5

Secondary structure of a protein

Back 5

results from hydrogen bonds between neighboring amino acids

The result may be a helix, as in the protein keratin, a component of hair. Another secondary structure is a pleated sheet, as in the protein of silk.

Front 6

Tertiary structure of a protein

Back 6

parts of proteins may fold and bond to other parts

Such proteins are referred to as globular proteins. Many of the proteins that function as enzymes are of this sort

Front 7

Quaternary structure of a protein

Back 7

several polypeptides may come together to form a larger molecule

Front 8

endergonic reaction.

Back 8

A building or synthesis reaction in which the products have higher energy than the reactants can proceed only if there is an input of energy

Front 9

exergonic reactions

Back 9

The laws of thermodynamics dictate that a breakdown or splitting reaction will not proceed spontaneously unless the molecules that result from the reaction - the products - have lower energy than the molecules that began the reaction - the reactants

Front 10

Catalyst

Back 10

Substance that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds without being changed permanently.

In cells, catalysts are usually large globular proteins known as enzymes.

Front 11

Active Site

Back 11

The portion of an enzyme that binds only to its substrate.

Front 12

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Back 12

a short-lived molecule that briefly stores energy gained from exergonic reactions. ATP consists of a double carbon-nitrogen ring called adenine; the five-carbon sugar, ribose; and a chain of three phosphate groups. Most of the energy transfers involving ATP involve breaking a bond between the third phosphate group and the rest of the molecule. The bond is frequently referred to as a high-energy bond. When that bond is broken, an abundance of energy is released.

Front 13

Exergonic Reaction

Back 13

A chemical reaction in which the reactants have higher energy than the end-products

Front 14

Metabolism

Back 14

Sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in the body, consisting of anabolism and catabolism. Cellular metabolism refers specifically to the chemical reactions within cells.

Some of these reactions are endergonic, and some are exergonic

Front 15

Oxidation

Back 15

Loss of one or more electrons from a molecule.

Front 16

Glucose

Back 16

Monosaccharide in blood that is the primary source of cellular energy.

Front 17

Respiration

Back 17

Most cellular energy originates in the oxidation, or breakup of glucose. This process can be divided into two steps - first, glucose is converted into pyruvic acid in a process called glycolysis, and second, pyruvic acid is converted into H2O and CO2. The steps are unique in that the first step does not require oxygen (i.e., it is anaerobic) and the chemical reactions take place in the cytosol of the cell. The second step requires oxygen (i.e., it is aerobic) and takes place in the mitochondria of the cell.

Front 18

Glycolysis

Back 18

Anaerobic process during which glucose is converted to pyruvic acid; net of two ATP molecules is produced during glycolysis.

Front 19

Cytosol

Back 19

Contents of a cell, excluding the nucleus and cell membrane.

Front 20

Glucose, fructose and sucrose are all examples of this type of biological molecule

Back 20

Carbohydrate

Front 21

Identify 3 of the most common polysaccharides

Back 21

starch, glycogen, cellulose

Front 22

What specific type of lipid is a major component of cell membranes?

Back 22

phopholipids

Front 23

Sex hormones and cholesterol are examples of this specific type of lipid?

Back 23

steroids

Front 24

In what type of chemical reaction do the products have less energy than the reactants?

Back 24

exergonic

Front 25

In what type of chemical reaction do the products have more energy than the reactants?

Back 25

endergonic

Front 26

When a metabolic pathway has produced enough end product, it can be temporarily shut down by this generalized process?

Back 26

feedback inhibition

Front 27

Anaerobic respiration - that is, the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid - takes place in what part of the cell?

Back 27

cytosol

Front 28

Aerobic respiration - that is, the conversion of pyruvi acid into water and carbon dioxide - takes place ini what part of the cell?

Back 28

mitochondria

Front 29

Through cellular respiration, the chemical energy stored in glucose molecules is converted into what specific molecules?

Back 29

ATP, CO2, and H2O

Front 30

The _____ distinguishes one amino acid from another?

Back 30

R group

Front 31

The ______ structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids?

Back 31

Primary

Front 32

What is the sugar in ATP?

Back 32

ribose

Front 33

Catalysts are usually what type of organic molecule?

Back 33

Protein

Front 34

What is the final product of glycolysis?

Back 34

pyruvic acid

Front 35

The citric acid cycle takes place in which of the following cell components?

Back 35

mitochondria

Front 36

The products of aerobic respiration are?

Back 36

H2O, CO2, and 34-36 molecules of ATP

Front 37

Cell

Back 37

Smallest living structural and functional unit of an organism.

Front 38

Organelle

Back 38

Specialized part of a cell serving one or more specific individual functions.

Front 39

plasma (cell) membrane

Back 39

the boundary between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid. It is composed primarily of phospholipids. The phospholipids are arranged in two layers with their hydrophobic fatty acid tails to the interior of the membrane and their hydrophilic polar heads on the inner and outer surfaces.

Front 40

Extracellular Fluid

Back 40

Any fluid not contained within the cells; for example, blood, lymph, and tissue fluid.

Front 41

Intracellular Fluid

Back 41

(ICF) The fluid exisiting within a cell.

Front 42

Hydrophobic

Back 42

A non-polar substance; literally, water-hating.

Front 43

Hydrophilic

Back 43

A polar substance; literally, water-loving.

Front 44

Protein

Back 44

Macromolecule consisting of long sequences of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Front 45

Carbohydrate

Back 45

Monosaccharide [simple sugar] or the organic molecules composed of monosaccharides bound together by chemical bonds, e.g., glycogen. For each carbon atom in the molecule there is typically one oxygen molecule and two hydrogen molecules

Front 46

Glycolipid

Back 46

A phospholipid molecule with a carbohydrate covalently bonded to it, found in the plasma membranes of cells.

Front 47

Glycoprotein

Back 47

A protein molecule with a smaller carbohydrate covalently bonded to it; found in mucus and the glycocalyx of cells, for example.

Front 48

Cholesterol

Back 48

A steroid that functions as part of the plasma membrane and as a precursor for all other steroids in the body.

Front 49

Neurotransmitter

Back 49

Any specific chemical agent released by a presynaptic cell on excitation that crosses the synaptic cleft and stimulates or inhibits the postsynaptic cell.

Front 50

Hormone

Back 50

Substance secreted by endocrine tissues into the blood that acts on a target tissue to produce a specific response.

Front 51

Organelle

Back 51

Specialized part of a cell serving one or more specific individual functions.

Front 52

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 52

Double-walled membranous network inside the cytoplasm; rough has ribosomes attached to the surface; smooth does not have ribosomes attached.

Front 53

Nucleus

Back 53

[nuclei] Cell organelle containing most of the genetic material of the cell; collection of nerve cell bodies within the central nervous system; center of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons.

Front 54

Mitochondria

Back 54

Small, spherical, rod-shaped or thin filamentous structure in the cytoplasm of cells that is a site of ATP production.

Front 55

Ribosome

Back 55

Small, spherical, cytoplasmic organelle where protein synthesis occurs.

Front 56

Vesicle

Back 56

Small sac containing a liquid or gas, such as a blister in the skin or an intracellular, membrane-bound sac.

Front 57

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 57

Membranous network of ribosome-covered tubes within the cytoplasm.

Front 58

Ribosome

Back 58

Small, spherical, cytoplasmic organelle where protein synthesis occurs.

Front 59

Golgi Apparatus

Back 59

Named for Camillo Golgi, Italian histologist and Nobel laureate, 1843-1926. Specialized endoplasmic reticulum that concentrates and packages materials for secretion from the cell.

Front 60

Phospholipid

Back 60

Lipid with phosphorus, resulting in a molecule with a polar end and a nonpolar end; main component of the lipid bilayer.

Front 61

cytoskeleton

Back 61

consists of protein fibers that extend throughout the cytosol of the cell. They act as a framework to give shape to the cell and enable structures within it, or the entire cell, to move

Front 62

Microfilament

Back 62

Small fibril forming bundles, sheets, or networks in the cytoplasm of cells; provides structure to the cytoplasm and mechanical support for microvilli and stereocilia.

Front 63

Intermediate Filament

Back 63

Thin protein strands in the cytoskeleton that provide support and structure to cells.

Front 64

Microtubule

Back 64

hollow tubes made of globular proteins arranged in spirals. Microtubules can contract or expand and help to move material in the cell. (For example, the spindle fibers that move chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis are microtubules.)

Hollow tube composed of tubulin, measuring approximately 25 nm in diameter and usually several micrometers long. Helps provide support to the cytoplasm of the cell and is a component of certain cell organelles such as centrioles, spindle fibers, cilia, and flagella.

Front 65

What is the site of protein synthesis?

Back 65

ribosome

Front 66

Which cell organelle containes digestive enzymes?

Back 66

lysosome

Front 67

Membranous tubules and flattened sacs with attached ribosomes describe this organelle

Back 67

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Front 68

Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each used in the modification, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids describe this organelle?

Back 68

Golgi apparatus

Front 69

Extensions of the plasma membrane that help move materials over the surface of the cell describe these organelles?

Back 69

cilia

Front 70

What is the major site of ATP synthesis when oxygen is available?

Back 70

mitochondria

Front 71

What is the structure responsible for sperm cell motility?

Back 71

flagellum

Front 72

Name 4 types of molecules that are found in the cell membrane.

Back 72

phospholipids, glycoproteins, proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrates

Front 73

What is the most common type of organic molecule with a membrane?

Back 73

phospholipid

Front 74

What type of organic molecules function as channels, carriers, and receptors within the cell membrane?

Back 74

proteins

Front 75

Lysosomes are produced by the?

Back 75

Golgi complex

Front 76

What produces triglycerides and steroids?

Back 76

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Front 77

Lipid

Back 77

Substance composed principally of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen; contains a lower ratio of oxygen to carbon and is less polar than carbohydrates; generally soluble in nonpolar solvents.

Front 78

Diffusion

Back 78

Tendency for solute molecules to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in solution; the product of the constant random motion of all atoms, molecules, or ions in a solution

toward lower concentration

Front 79

Osmosis

Back 79

Toward lower concentration

Front 80

Concentration Gradient

Back 80

The area between two compartments of a solution that contains solutes in different concentrations

Front 81

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs by _______

Back 81

diffusion

Carbon dioxide concentration is low in alveolar air and high in the blood, and thus CO2 will diffuse down the concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) from the blood into the air in the alveolus.Oxygen concentration is high in the alveolus and low in the blood. Oxygen will diffuse from the air into the blood. Both carbon dioxide and oxygen diffusion events occur simultaneously

Front 82

Osmosis

Back 82

Diffusion of solvent [water] through a membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution.

Front 83

Hypertonic

Back 83

A solution with higher solute concentration

Solution that causes cells to shrink.

Front 84

Hypotonic

Back 84

a solution with lower solute concentration

Solution that causes cells to swell.

Front 85

Isotonic

Back 85

two solutions have the same concentration

Solution that causes cells to neither shrink nor swell