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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some "social gestures"?
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- eye contact
- pointing for things - sharing |
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vision in newborns
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- eyes least well developed sensory organs at birth
- new borns have decrease acuity and accommodation - preference for human faces, esp mothers |
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hearing in newborns
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- newborns can hear at birth
- preference for female voices, esp mothers - hearing structures formed by 5-6months gestation - routine newborn screening for hearing in BC |
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taste and smell in newborns
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- can distinguish tastes
- preference for sweet tastes - olfactory sense is well developed - can distinguish odours of own mother milk and body odour |
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Developmental disabilities that can be dx early on
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- cerebral palsy
- intellectual handicap/learning disabilities - social/communication disorders |
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Characteristics of cerebral palsy
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- non-progressive impairment in movement or posture
- caused by injury or anomaly of the developing brain - umbrella term for many conditions |
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CP is classified based on
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- anatomical distribution of dysfunction (mono, di or quadiplegia)
- neurological involvement (spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic and mixed) - function |
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Preschool period years
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ages 3-5
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Characteristics of preschooler period
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- increased independence
- talking in sentences + related stories - imaginary play increases - start to play cooperatively with other children - gross motor milestones get ahead of cognitive milestones - behave more like real people! |
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Domains of development
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- cognitive
- communication - fine motor - gross motor - social/emotional - adaptive |
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Fine and Gross motor milestones at age 3
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gross:
- rides trike, - up stairs with alternating feet fine: -buttons - copies a circle |
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Fine and Gross motor milestones at age 4
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Gross:
- hops on one foot - balances on one foot Fine: - copies a square - uses scissors - uses chopsticks |
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Fine and Gross motor milestones at age 5
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Gross:
- skips - rides a 2 wheeler Fine: - copeis a triangle - prints first name - starts to tie shoelaces |
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General concepts of development
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- children ca exhibit delays in one domain and not another (2+ delays called global developmental delays)
- speech development is most predictive of cognitive development - gross motos skills are least predictive of cognitive outcome - things which are typical at one age may be cause for concern at another age. |
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Why early diagnosis?
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- improved outcome
- family planning (ex genetic conditions) - help with understanding of disability (social perception) - economic |
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Principles of early intervention
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- monitoring of developmental progress by all healthcare providers
- screening - Ages and Stages questionaire - Preschool services |
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Types of intervention
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- preventative (infants and children with increased biomedical risk OR environmental risk)
- ameliorative interventions (children with established delays and disabilities) |
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Goals for early intervention
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- improve school readiness
- provide opportunities for development that might not exist at home - remedial programs for identified delays - possibly to alter long term outcome, and prevent 2ary disabilities - establish supportive relationship with families |
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How can cognitive development be observed?
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- intelligence can't be measured until 4.5-5 YO
- cognitive development can be observed through play and language |
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Cognitive development in a preschooler
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- symbolic thought and play
- egocentric ( only see the world from their perspective) - still very concrete - reasoning still mostly based on perception rather than logic or deductive thinking |
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Pragmatics
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- ability to understand the context of the language
- being able to read social cues of language |
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When to be concerned about language development
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- not cooing by 3 months
- doesn't respond to own name; not saying mama or dada at 12 months - no words, pointing, or imaginary play at 18 months - no talking at 24 months - not talking in sentences or disinterested in listening to a story at 3 years - not relating events/stories at 4 years |
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Typical preschool expressive language development at 1 year, 3 years and 4-5 years.
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1 years: 2 word phrases
24 -36 mo: - understands prepositions - follow story with pictures - vocabular of 200 words ( 2 years) 3 years: 3 word phrases 4-5 years: tells stories about what happened in their day - 2700 word vocabular (4-5 yrs) - defines simple words - 5 word sentences |
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Typical preschool receptive language development at 2 years and 3-5 years.
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2 years: understand 2 part instructions
- identities body parts - uses words for expressive needs - pronouns - early grammar 3-5 years: understand longer instructions and conversations and answer W questions - 4 word sentences (4-5 years) - vocab of 400-1500 words - speech 75-100% intelligible to strangers - knows full name, gender |
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What are red flags at 24-46 months for language development?
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- spase vocab
- frustrated with ability to communicate with words can lead to tantrums - no >2 words sentences - does not follow directions - doesnt like to listen to a story |
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Red flags at 3-4 years
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- speech not comprehended by strangers
- cannot use language to tell stories |
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Red flags at 4-5 years
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- cannot tell story with beginning, middle and end
- poor grammer in sentences |
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Communication milestones at 2 years
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Receptive: 2 part instructions
Expressive: 2 word sentences |
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Communication milestones at 3 years
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Receptive: 3 part instructions, answers questions
Expressive: short sentences |
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Communication milestone 4 years
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Receptive: W questions in convo
Expressive: tells story |
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What's more of a concern expressive language delay alone or receptive delay alone?
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receptive delay alone
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What is temperament
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A characteristic that defines individual differences in people, a behavioural style which is innate and biologically based
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3 types of temperaments
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- easy (40%)
- difficult (10%) - slow to warm up (15%) |
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Characteristics of the "easy" child
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- regular biological functioning
- positive approach to new stimuli - high adaptability to change - mild to moderate intense responses - predominantly positive mood - easily distractible, not persistent - low activity |
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Characteristics of the "difficult" child
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- irregular biological function
- negative responses and withdrawal from new, unfamiliar situations or objects - slowly adaptable to new situations or challenges - intense responses - negative mood expressions - not easily distracted; very persistant - high activity |
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Characteristics of the "slow-to-warm-up" child
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- mild intense negative responses
- slowly adaptable to new stimuli - both positive and negative moods - biological functioing more regular than difficult children - requires frequent exposures to new objects, foods and situations before comfortable |
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How do we assess development?
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- listent o caregivers concerns
- take history - OBSERVATION - screnning - community professionals - specialized assessment and diagnostic tools |
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How do preschoolers learn?
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PLAY
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PLay is a measure of?
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social and cognitive development
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2 cognitive levels of play
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1. functional play (receptive): jumping and running
2. constructive play: using objects to make something 3. dramatic play: role playing 4. games with rules |
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Social levels of play
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1. Solitary play
2. Parallel play (beside but not with) 3. Interactive/group lay |
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Developmental milestones of play at 18-22months
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- start to pretend
- play wit dolls |
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Developmental milestones of play at 2 years
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- play house
- short play sequences |
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Developmental milestones of play at 3 years
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- pretend to play has long sequences
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Developmental milestones of play at 3.5 years
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- pretend to play with dollhouse and miniature toys
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Developmental milestones of play at 3.5 - 4 years
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- acts out scenes with dolls, puppets and animals
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Developmental milestones of play at 5 years
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- plan a sequence of pretend events
- organizes objects and other children - highly imaginative and corporative |
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Characteristics of autism spectrum disorder
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- 1% prevalence
- boys>girls - incidence is increasing? - etiology unknown but genetic most likely - siblings risk is 19% |
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3 main features for autism diagnosis
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- disordered social skills
- disordered communication skills - restricted interests/stereotypic behaviour |
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Common presentation of autism
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- most common presentation is speech delay
- no babbling by 12months - no gesturing by 12 months - no single words by 18 months - no 2 word phrases by 18 months - loss of social or language milestones at any age |
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Common causes for delay in diagnosis
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- boys talk late
- child is healthy, nothing is wrong - excuse that it is because parents speak another language at home - VACCINES DON"T CAUSE AUTISM!! |
