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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How many double bonds does Oleic acid have?
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1
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How many double bonds does Linoleic acid have?
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2
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How many double bonds does Linolenic acid have?
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3
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How many double bonds does Arachidonic acid have?
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4
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Saturated means __ double bonds
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0
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Unsaturated means ___ double bonds
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One or more
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Saturated fatty acids end in...
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-anoic
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Unsaturated fatty acids end in...
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-enoic
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Four classes of unsaturated fatty acids:
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1. n-7
2. n-9 3. n-6 4. n-3 |
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What is the parent fatty acid for n-7?
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Palmitoleic acid
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What is the parent fatty acid for n-9?
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Oleic acid
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What is the parent fatty acid for n-6?
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Linoleic acid
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What is the parent fatty acid for n-3?
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Linolenic acid
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Naturally occurring UNSATURATED fatty acids in mammals are ___ configuration.
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CIS
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Animal fats:
____% saturated fatty acids ____% MUFAs |
40-60%
30-50% |
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Plant oils:
____% saturated fatty acids ____% unsaturated fatty acids |
10-20%
80-90% |
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Eicosanoids are bioactive compounds that _____ cellular function and are derived from ___-C PUFAs.
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Modulate; 20
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What are the 8 main classes of eicosanoids?
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1. PG
2. TX 3. HPETE 4. HETE 5. EET 6. diHETE 7. LT 8. Lipoxins |
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PGs are synthesized from the ____ and ____ families.
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Linoleic (n-6) and Linolenic (n-3)
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Important enzyme involved with PGs...
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Cyclooxygenase
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What 3 eicosanoids are "hormone like"?
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PG, TX, and LT.
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Important enzyme involved with LTs...
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Lipoxygenase
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What are the two PGs that are formed from arachidonic?
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PGl2 and TXA2
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PGl2, aka ____, is synthesized by ____ cells.
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Prostacylin, endothelial
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TXA2, aka ___, is synthesized by ____.
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Thromboxane, platelets
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Thromboxanes are often considered PG ____ because of their similar structures.
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Analogues
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The essentiality of linoleic and linolenic acids is due to the fact that ______ lack _____.
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Vertebrates lack enzymes.
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What are the 2 enzymes that vertebrates lack?
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Delta 12 and delta 15 desaturases
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How does aspirin help in terms of a fever/pain caused by PGs and TXs?
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Aspirin decreases the synthesis of both PG and TX by inhibiting the action of cyclooxygenase (enzyme).
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LTs (leukotrienes) cause harm in the body in terms of...
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Respiratory issues (asthma, allergic reactions, inflammation...). They are 1000X MORE potent than histamine!
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Lipoxins appear to be specific _____ ______.
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Intracellular regulators.
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Arachidonic is in the ___ FA class.
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n-6
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Which FA is considered omega-3?
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Linolenic
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Acylglycerols are the principle ____ fats in humans.
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Storage
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Acylglycerols (glycerides) are ___ of FAs bound to ____.
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Esters, glyercol
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Phosphoglycerides are ____ ____ of diglycerides.
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Phosphate esters
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Phosphoglycerides form ____ when dispersed in an aqueous solution, thus making them the main _____ component of cell membranes.
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Bilayers, structural
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All sphingolipids contain ____ and ___, but none contain ____.
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Sphingosine; FA; glyercol
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The hydrolysis of sphingomyelins yields 4 components:
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1. FA
2. Spingosine 3. Choline (think of brain) 4. Phosphoric acid |
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Glycosphingolipids (glycolipids) contain ____, a combo of sphingosine and FA (plus galactose).
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Ceramine
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Sterols contain an OH group at C-__ and an aliphatic chain of at least __C attached to C-___.
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3; 8; 17
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Steroids include (3):
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1. Steroid hormones
2. Bile acids 3. Sterols |
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Instead of cholesterol, plants have ____.
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Phytosterols
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Phytosterols have same structure of cholesterol, but instead have __C attached to C-17 and an ___ group attached to C-___.
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10; ethyl; 24
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The primary bile acids (2):
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Cholic acid & chenodeoxycholic acid
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The secondary bile acids (2):
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Deoxycholic acid & lithocholic acid
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What are the primary and secondary acid pairs?
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1. Cholic acid and deoxycholic acid
2. Chendeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid |
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How do you get from primary to secondary bile acids (2)?
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Intestinal bacteria can convert primary to secondary bile acids via:
1. Deconjugation 2. 7a-dehydroxylation |
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Conjugated bile acids or bile salts are ___ derivatives of nonpolar cholesterol, making them ____.
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Polar; amphipathic
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The 3D structure and biological properties of proteins are determined by (3):
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1. Kinds of amino acids present
2. The order in which they are linked together in a polypeptide chain 3. The relationship of one amino acid to another |
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What are the 8 essential amino acids?
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1. Tryptophan
2. Valine 3. Threonine 4. Leucine 5. Isoleucine 6. Phenylalanine 7. Methionine 8. Histidine |
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What is a zwitterion?
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Has a net charge of 0 (making it electrically neutral) but carries a + and - charge on different atoms.
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Why do amino acids have 2 pKa's?
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Because of their dissociable COOH and NH3+ groups (could act either as a base or an acid).
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What is the only amino acid that doesn't exhibit stereoisomerism?
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Glycine!
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What does proteolysis (peptide-bond hydrolysis) require?
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Either:
1. Proteolytic enzymes or 2. Heating at 110C for 24 hrs in the presence of 6M HCl or NaOH |
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Even though there are about ___ amino acids in nature, only ___ occur in proteins.
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300; 20
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What are the 5 categories of amino acids?
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1. Aromatic R-groups
2. Positively charged 3. Negatively charged 4. Polar, uncharged 5. Nonpolar, aliphatic R-groups |
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What are the 2 aromatic R groups?
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1. Phenylalanine
2. Tryptophan |
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What is the positively charged R groups?
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1. Histidine
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What are the 2 polar, uncharged R groups?
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1. Threonine
2. Methionine |
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What are the 3 nonpolar, aliphatic R groups?
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1. Valine
2. Leucine 3. Isoleucine |
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What two properties contribute to the 3D structure on individual polypeptides?
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Solubility and ionization
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What determines the structure of a protein?
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Interactions between a polypeptide and its aqueous environment.
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Which structure refers to the # and sequence of amino acids?
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Primary
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Which structure has the a-helix?
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Secondary
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Which structure refers to the coiling/folding to produce fibrous or globular shapes?
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Tertiary
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A fibrous shape is ____ and water-____.
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Elongated; INsoluble
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Globular shapes are ____ and water-____.
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Spherical; soluble
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What are the 8 biological functions of proteins?
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1. Enzymatic activity
2. Transport 3. Storage 4. Structure 5. Contraction 6. Protection 7. Hormonal activity 8. Toxins |
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What do bile salts do to dietary lipids?
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Solubilize
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