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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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convection
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when we use some sort of liquid to cook and circulate heat around
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Convection cooling
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ex) blowing on coffee
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Conduction
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straight line of transfer from one object to the next
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gluten
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helps form structure of bread-through capturing O2
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lanolin
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fats from sheep
utilized for salves and other medicines |
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Seasonal milk flush
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all of the cows had babies at the same time, produce milk at the same time, their calves at the same time.
-organized form of producing milk |
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FINE curds from milk
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yielded creamy curds- the original yogurt
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COARSER curds from milk
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yielded what would become precursor to modern day soft cheeses (like brie)
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What is milk like from the mammary gland?
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sterile
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What causes milk to get contaminated?
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harvesting milk
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butter production
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use heavy cream and shake it up A LOT
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Why are legumes found to increase the fertility of the land?
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They are nitrogen fixing, they are necessary for protein and cycle completion--> have bacteria that would put Nitrogen back into the soil
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Brine
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put into a salt water solution
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Dry Cure
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Put salt directly onto meat or other things
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What causes rancidity?
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when fat goes bad
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Why was ammonia a problem?
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-Smells bad
-can be toxic |
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Fluid bed freezing
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rush cold air underneath and move like fluid
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What were issues with milk production?
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-Too much churning-->created butter
-curdling-->created cheese |
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Retorts
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a big pressure cooker
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Microbial inactivation
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killing off bacteria and pathogens
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product deterioration
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problem-didn't want products deteriorating
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Microbial inactivation vs product deterioration
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for pasteurization you want a balance between the food product quality and the food safety
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SOI
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Standard of identity- can only be called ... if it upholds a certain standard (definition)
ex) soymilk |
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What was inspired by Napoleon?
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canning
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Why did Napoleon want canning?
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He offered an award to anyone who could get meat to stay good while at wars and in travel
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what is beri-beri?
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lack of thiamin-usually do to refined grain diet-need who grain/wheat
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recommended sugar / person/day
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10 teaspoons or less (40grams) / day
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who introduced canning?
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nicolas Appert-won an award for it.
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What is the problem with freezing foods through immersion in ice and salt brine?
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gets salty- if we don't want salty need to prepackage the item
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Pasteurization
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requires heating of every particle of a product to a given temp for a given amount of TIME
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Sterile
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offer no bacteria-kill off all
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sanitize
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doesn't mean no bacteria
reuduce bacteria count to a safe/healthy level |
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common milk pathogen
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coxiella burnett
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coxiella burnett
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most heat resistant of human pathogens
-use an indicator to test for it. -if you take out phosphatase, know C.burnett is gone |
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Why did condensed milk/skim milk cause an increase in rickets?
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less calcium.. Calcium and Vit D= fat soluble-> the calcium couldn't bind with vit. D
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How do you make powdered milk?
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Dehydrate milk and take out H2O
*problem-fats dont dry up good |
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What do they do to skim milk today?
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because no fat-no fat soluble vitamins--> need to fortify
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What are the destructive effects of OZONE (O3) on spoilage bacteria?
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1) add solutes (sugar)
2) Removes water |
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RTE
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ready to eat
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What is the D-Value concept?
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how much it takes to reduce the population (by 90%) at a given temperature.
ex) 1 D-value= 90% 2 D-value=99% 3 D-value= 99.9% 4 D-value=99.99% |
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Nisin
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Naturally produced compound that kills bacteria
-used in certain processed cheese to prevent issues with clostridial spoilage (late blowing) |
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GRAS
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generally recognized as safe
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UV Light
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used to kill bacteria and other cells
-hits DNA if two T(GACT-DNA) are next to each other. Will weld the T's together. during transcription cell will only match 1T instead of 2T's causing a mutation |
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Leeuwenhoek
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he invented the microscope
-later go onto observe yeast cells |
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Pasteur
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-a chemist
-showed bacteria making milk sour-not chemical reaction |
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bioconversions
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-using life form to make some type of chance/conversion
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fermentation
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bioconversion being done by life form
ex) cheese- blue cheese, brie, etc-use mold-lactic acid ammonia formed from A.A's to drive pH up |
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eggs
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can get mold or spoilage
-shine a light through an egg to tell (or fish) |
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pure culture
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starts as 1 specific type of organism
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Lord Joseph Lister
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listerine-father of chemical sanitizing
wrapped kid's legs w/ phenyl and lived (but wounds had a burning feeling to them) |
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Tyndell
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claimed that bacteria are ubiquitous (present everywhere)
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Contaminated
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something found where it should NOT be (not always a bad thing)
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psychrophile
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cold loving
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psychrotroph
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hating cold
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mesophile
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mid range
threat to body -usually like the body temp |
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thermophile
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loving heat
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What happens to food canned with a pH higher than 4.6?
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considered low acid foods- low acid foods are affected by boccilism
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osmophillic
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need a lot of solute in order to create pressure
-more often with salt (organisms that could grow in the presence of high osmotic pressure) |
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what is a problem for candies?
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osmophillic yeast bc they could blow up
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Bacillus sterothermophilus
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type of mold
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Byssochlumos fulva
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observed to cause spoilage in foods
- a mold that produces pectinases |
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pectinases
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break down pectin to make fruits soft
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pectin
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give fruit the glue like substance to hold it together
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PMO
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Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
-can not ship raw milk for humans to different states. only sell in the state that its made |
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what did Coit believe?
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believed raw milk is not an issue, thought workers were the ones transmitting disease b/c mammary glands produce pure milk
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what does a bacteria count tell us?
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tells us the quantity of bacteria not the quality (or safety)
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Botchulism
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nuerotoxin
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who was president of tootsie pops?
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ellen gordan
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how many pounds of candy does the "average" american eat each year?
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24lbs
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what was identified as being the first "candy"?
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honey-treats
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what year was the manual cocoa press invented?
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1828
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what was Hersey's first name?
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milton
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Who invented the milky way?
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Frank C. Mars
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Why was chicago chosen for the hone of Mars candies?
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bc of the National Distribution potential through railway access
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Where did the name for the Snickers bar come from?
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named after the Mar's family horse
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What temp is the noughet found in Snickers heat to?
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195 degrees F
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How many bars/min. can the wrapping machines wrap?
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800-900 bars/min.
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who is the biggest company in the "savory snack foods" category here in the US?
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Frito Lay (9/10 snacks)
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Who was the first person to make "potato chips"
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George Crum
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what state is known as the "potato chip" state
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Pennsylvania
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what two characteristics are looked for in a potato used to make potato chips?
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round and moisture content
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what was the cost of the equipment used to begin the UTZ chips company?
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$300
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How much did their most recent fryer cost them?
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$5.2 million
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How many pounds of potato chips can the fryer make per hour?
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300 lbs/hr (4200 chips/hr)
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how many pounds of potatoes does it take to make one pound of potato chips?
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4 lbs
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what is done with the skins that are removed from the potatoes used to make potato chips?
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Sold for animal feed
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how hot is the cotton seed oil used in potato chip production?
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350 degrees F
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What inert gas is used to extend the shelf life of potato chips?
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nitrogen (last up to 8 weeks on shelfs)
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How many calories are in 20 potato chips?
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120
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What year did Snyder's begin/
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1909
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Who were the first pretzel makers?
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monks in the monetary in France
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How many lbs of pretzels can the machines at Snyder's produce per hour of production?
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2000 lbs/hr
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How many calories in 20 pretzels?
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110 calories
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How many varieties of pretzels does Snyder's produce?
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over 30
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When was the Tootsie roll invented?
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1896
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How many lollipops can be produced / day at the Chicago plant?
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20 million
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Where did the name for the Tootsie Roll come from?
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Tootsie-5 year old daughters nickname
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What inert gas is used to extend the shelf life of potato chips?
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nitrogen (last up to 8 weeks on shelfs)
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How many calories are in 20 potato chips?
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120
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What year did Snyder's begin/
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1909
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Who were the first pretzel makers?
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monks in the monetary in France
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How many lbs of pretzels can the machines at Snyder's produce per hour of production?
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2000 lbs/hr
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How many calories in 20 pretzels?
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110 calories
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How many varieties of pretzels does Snyder's produce?
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over 30
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When was the Tootsie roll invented?
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1896
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How many lollipops can be produced / day at the Chicago plant?
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20 million
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Where did the name for the Tootsie Roll come from?
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Tootsie-5 year old daughters nickname
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How many different flavors of Tootsie Rolls are there?
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17
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What is the weight of the slab of Tootsie Roll that is used to make Tootsie Rolls?
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13 lbs
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How many calories in 6 Tootsie Rolls?
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140
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According to Mr. Owl how many licks does it take to get to the center of a Tootsie Pop?
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3
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According to researchers at Purdue, how many licks does it take to get to the center of a Tootsie pop?
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317 licks
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Who has the highest per person consumption of cupcakes?
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Denmark
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How many pounds per year do they consume?
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29.5 million
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How many cupcakes could the factory make per week
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5 million
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How many pounds of sugar are used at the Flowers bakery?
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50,000 lbs/wk
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How much batter is used in the production of each cupcake?
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1.4oz
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What are the dimensions of the oven used to cook the cupcakes?
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40ft long x 3ft wide
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How long does it take the cupcakes to cook?
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18mins
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What temp do they leave the oven?
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193 degrees F
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Finally, what temperature are the cupcakes at the the creamy filling is injected?
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98 degrees F
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What disease needs a gluten free diet?
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Celiac's Disease
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What does GRAS mean?
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Generally recognized as safe
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what two factors does pasteurization balance?
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balances food product and food safety
(microbial inactivation vs product deterioration) |
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What is pasteurization?
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requires the heating of EVERY particle to a given TEMP Qfor a given amount of TIME
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What is UHT?
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ULTRA HIGH TEMPERATURE
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What is HTST?
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High t,mp short time
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What is vat pasteurization?
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hold temperature for 30 mins that cool rapidly. (head space needs to hit the same temp as the rest of the big tank thats heated up)
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What is the required minimal internal temperature that is required for poultry?
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165 degrees F
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What are the different time-temp parameters for each type pasteurization?
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Vat: 62.8 C for 30mins
HTST: 72C for 15secs UHT: 140C for 1sec |
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give an example of a fake food?
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spam, turkey breast, "crab legs", gum arabic, agartagar (seaweed extracts), added soy products. flavor enhancers, colorging agents. etc
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What are the two factors that are used to kill organisms in a retort?
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pressure and heat
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What causes "thymine dimers"? why are thymine dimers potentially bad?
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genetic mutation bonding two thyamines together, only one codon attaches to the 2 t's instead of two, causing th mutation (skin cancer)
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What does IQF stand for?
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Individually Quick Frozen
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What ruler influenced the development of canning?
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Napolean
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What is another word for "cold pasteurization"?
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irradiation
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What types of gases are used in modified atmosphere packaging?
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CO2 and Nitrogen
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What does RTE stand for?
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ready to eat
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Fairtrade
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ethical treatment of workers and proper wagers by company
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Sous vide
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vacumme packed =put into boiling water
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functional food
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food that has some kind of specific (tea-antioxidants, yogurt-probiotics, watermelon and tomatoes-loaded with licopne)
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what is a food allergy?
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immune response (hives, release antihistamine)
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how much ATP is formed after the Krebs cycle?
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34 to 36 ATP molecules
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When does garlic lose its functionality as being antimicrobial?
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when it is cooked
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What substance is not high in Vitamin B or proteins?
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Honey - need to add yeast nutrients for production of things such as beer
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what nutrients are found in cow's milk?
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Lactose, Carbs, and vitamins
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Who invented the seed drill?
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Jethro Tull
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uses two cold sources and touching them together
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quick freezing
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Temperature Danger Zone
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40-135 degrees F
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organoleptic
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pertaining to the senses
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adding what to milk slightly helped decrease rancidity?
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sugar
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candling or shining a light through foods
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used to see if there is mold in things such as eggs. used for fish to check for worms
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Alexander Fleming
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discovered Penicilin
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low acid food has a a pH of...
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greater than 4.6
(ex: canned corn) |
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Machines were created to…
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Chop, cut, pulp, and press foods
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Amount of man hrs to produce 100 bushels of wheat before and after agricultural tools were invented
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Before: 233 hours
After: 87 hours |
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Created a quick freezing process for vegetables
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Clarence Birdseye
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Chilling used to keep vegetables fresh
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Decreases enzymatic activity and slows conversion of sugars
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The industrial revolution had a huge increase on…
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Population, malnutrition, and poverty
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Britain was first to patent…
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Condensed milk
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mutated protein
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prion
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STOP
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safe tables our priority
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HACCP
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requirement for meat and poultry because of the "Jack-in-the-box" outbreak
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food born outbreak
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2 or more people having common symptoms after eating common foods
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