New World Experiments: England's 17Th Century Colonies

Front 1

Motives for Migration

Back 1

Religious, economic, or personal reasons. Examples are to spread the Catholic faith, to find a better job, or to escape poverty or personal problems.

Front 2

Four Colonial Subcultures

Back 2

1. The Chesapeake

2. New England

3. Middle Colonies

4. The Carolinas

Front 3

Challenge Spanish in the New World

Back 3

The Spanish had made many claims in the new world, and they were Catholic. Therefore, England's belief of anti-Catholicism motivates them to challenge the Spanish claims in the new world.

Front 4

First colony: What happened?

Back 4

Jamestown, settled in 1607, was financed by joint-stock companies whose stockholders expected instant profits. However, the swampy location, lack of teamwork from the colonists, and competition from the Powhattans causes problems.

Front 5

Recovery from lack of order

Back 5

1608-09: John Smith restores order, government is reorganized by London company in 1609.

Front 6

"Starving Time"

Back 6

Starts in 1610, contributed to by conflict with Powhattans, ends when Lord De La Warr arrives with fresh settlers.

Front 7

Powhattans attempts to drive out English

Back 7

First attempt was in 1622, second attempt was in 1644, and that ended with the destruction of the entire Powhattan tribe.

Front 8

"Headrights"

Back 8

Instituted in 1618 to encourage the creation of tobacco plantations in the new world. It granted a 50-acre lot to each colonist who paid his own transportation to the new world. It also led to the development of huge estates.

Front 9

Limitations on population increase

Back 9

1. Sex ratio, which was 6:1 (Men:Women) after 1619

2. Contagious disease that kills many settlers (In 1618, The population of Virginia was 700, and 3,000 emigrated there between then and 1622, but the population in 1622 was only 1,240)

3. Powhattan attack in 1622 that kills 347 settlers.

Front 10

Maryland

Back 10

Sir George Calvert creates the colony of Maryland as a refuge for English Catholics. In 1632, his son Cecilius takes over.

In Maryland, cooperation between Protestants and Catholics is required. However, some wealthy Catholics were unwilling to relocate to the new world, and some protestants did not want to put up with Catholics. The Protestants siezed control in 1655.

Front 11

Plymouth

Back 11

In 1620, small farming communities came together to form Plymouth. In 1691, it was absorbed into the Massachusetts Bay.

Front 12

Puritans in England

Back 12

The Puritans wanted to remain in the church of England, but wipe out the remnants of the Roman Catholic church. In 1629, King Charles I began his personal rule, causing the Puritans trouble. However, in 1630, the Puritans were led to Massachusetts by John Winthrop.

Front 13

Puritans in the New World

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Between 1630 and 1640, around 16,000 people immigrated, mostly family units. The Puritans established congregationalism (being governed by church members) and allowed all adult male church members to vote. The Puritan communities were very independent and public life did not usually go beyond the town.

Front 14

Roger Williams

Back 14

Roger Williams was an extreme separatist who was banished to Rhode Island in 1636 because he questioned the validity of the charter of Massachusetts.

Front 15

Anne Hutchinson

Back 15

Like Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson was expelled to Rhode Island. She believed that she was filled with the holy spirit and that Christians did not need to follow the moral law.

Front 16

New Netherlands

Back 16

On the Hudson river, New Netherlands was originally owned by the Dutch West Indies Company. Its population included Africans, Finns, Germans, and Swedes along with Dutch. In 1664, it was captured by the English fleet.

Front 17

New York

Back 17

The colony of New York was made the personal property of James, the Duke of York. This personal property was comprised of New Jersey, Delaware, Maine, and several islands. However, James did not gain much profit from it, and its inhabitants only had a political voice at the local level.

Front 18

New Jersey

Back 18

The Duke of York sold New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. After that, the settlers refused to pay their rents because the New York governor did not give them a representative assembly when he had promised it to them. As a result, Berkeley split the colony up by selling it to the Quakers.

Front 19

New Jersey separated

Back 19

In West Jersey, while it was the Quaker's colony, the democratic system of government was introduced. However, neither it nor East Jersey thrived while separate, so the crown reunited them in 1702.

Front 20

Quakers

Back 20

The term Quaker refers to one who "trembles at the word of the Lord." Its members call themselves the "Society of Friends." The beliefs were started by George Fox (1624-1691). Quakers believe that one can communicate with God and has an obligation to cultivate Inner Light. They were considered to be dangerous anarchists and were persecuted for that reason.

Front 21

"Holy Experiment"

Back 21

William Penn converts to the Quaker faith and starts the "Holy Experiment" (a society focused on Quaker beliefs), which promotes toleration of different religions and protects the rights of those who did not own property.

Front 22

The Carolinas

Back 22

The dependence on slave labor in the Carolinas made them much like Chesapeake. The Carolinas, however, had much more diversity in population than Chesapeake.

Front 23

The Barbadian connection to the Carolinas

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Anthony Ashley Cooper encouraged people to settle by the planters from Barbados. As a result, the Barbadians settled around Charleston and desired self-government, which the French Huguenot settlers opposed. In 1729, the Carolinas were divided by the crown.

Front 24

Georgia

Back 24

In 1732, Georgia was founded for two main reasons:

1. Strategically, to be a border between the Carolinas and Florida (controlled by Spanish at the time).

2. Charitably, to be a refuge for imprisoned debtors from England.

By 1751, it had become a small slave colony.

Front 25

Diversity of the Colonies

Back 25

The colonies were founded for several different purposes, but all had difficulty thriving at first. Eventually, though, the cultural diversity of the colonies became more solid and the colonists considered themselves unique.