New Testament Exam 1

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TaNaK

Back 1

The Old Testament. Consists of the Torah (Five books of Moses), Neviim (Prophets), and the Ketuvim (Writings)

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Torah

Back 2

Part of TaNaK; First 5 books of Bible; Written by Moses

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Neviim

Back 3

Part of TaNaK; The prophets

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Ketuvim

Back 4

Part of TaNaK; The writings

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Masoretic text of Bible

Back 5

The authoritative text of the Jewish Bible and referred to as official version of the TaNak. established vowel points

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Septuagint

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The TaNaK and Apocrypha. Differs from Hebrew Bible in that it contains Apocrypha; Greek version

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Koine Greek

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Common Dialect. Hellenistic Greek

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How the Bible was copied/transmitted

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Papyrus, parchment, vellum. From scroll to codex.

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How the Romans gained control of Palestine in the first century BCE

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The Roman General Pompey conquered the land in 64 B.C. after the Hasmoneans ruled the land.

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Herod's successors

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Archelaus and Antipas

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Josephus

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1st century Jewish historian, appointed court historian by Vespasian, whose works The Jewish War and The Antiquities of the Jews are principal resources for info about life in 1st century Palestine.

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Sources of Jewish unrest

Back 12

Taxes

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Jewish revolutionary parties

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Zealots, Sicarii, bandits

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Zealots

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Ancient Jewish sect in Judea in the first century who fought to the death against the Romans and who killed or persecuted Jews who collaborated with the Romans.

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Sicarii

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Group of Zealots during the second temple period who resorted to murder and assassinations, mostly of Jewish collaborators with Rome.  Also waged rebellions against Rome.

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Bar Kochba

Back 16

Led a Jewish revolt against Rome in 132 CE. His name means 'son of a star.'

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Jewish parties at the time of Jesus

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Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes

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Pharisees

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A sect of the Jewish religion that rigidly adhered to the Law of Moses.

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Sadducees

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A group of Jews opposed to the Pharisees (today's Rabbinical Jews), founded in the second century BC.

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Essenes

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One of the Jewish sects from the 1st Century BCE; Copying of Dead Sea Scrolls

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Rabbinic Judaism

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Created by the rabbis during the Rabbinic Period and recorded in the Talmud. It is the form of Judaism that lasts throughout the following Medieval Period and forms the basis for the different types of Judaism in the Modern Period.

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Accomplishments of Rabbinic Judaism

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1) Establishment of the Biblical canon.
2) Codification of the oral law in Mishnah.
3) Mishnah + Gemara = Talmud (Babylonian and Palestinian)

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Passover (Pessah)

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Jewish festival celebrating the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt.

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Yom Kippur

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The most solemn religious fast of the Jewish year, the last of the ten days of penitence that begin with Rosh Hashanah (the Jewish New Year).

Front 25

Rosh Hashanah

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Text of Jewish law originating in the Mishnah which formed the basis of tractates in both the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Talmud of the same name. Contains the most important rules concerning the calendar year.

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Hanukkah

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Eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem in 165 BC.

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Jewish dietary laws (Kosher laws)

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No pig, camels, rock badger, hare, no shellfish (shrimp, crab, lobster) only certain foods.

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Kinds of work prohibited on Sabbath

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Cooking and production of food

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Function of Jerusalem temple

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The “Shekinah”. Place of purification. Place of sacrifice, commercial aspect.

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Function of synagogue

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Teaching of law, Place of prayer, Hospice for travelers

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Diaspora

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Term that refers to the dispersion of Jews away from Palenstine into other parts of the Mediterranean, beginning with the Babylonian conquests in the 6th century B.C.

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Sanhedrin

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A council of Jewish leaders headed by the High Priest, which played an advisory role in matters of religious and civil policy. Jewish court was still under the Roman law. Pretty much disappeared after the Fall of the Temple

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Seder

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Passover [order] meal: Drink 4 cups of wine, & matza, bitter herbs, roasted lamb, tell children why the Passover is important

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Scroll

Back 34

Roll of papyrus or parchment that is written on to record the Torah, books of the Bible.

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Codex

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A book in the format used for modern books, with multiple sheets of paper in multiples of two which are folded and stitched through typically bound together and given a cover.

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Vellum

Back 36

Mammal skin prepared for writing or printing on, to produce single pages, scrolls, codices [books].

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"Scriptio Continua"

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Style of writing without spaces between words or sentences.

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"Festival of Unleavened Bread"

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Jewish holiday and festival. Celebrates the Passover. In Exodus, when Pharaoh freed the Israelites, it is said that they left in such a hurry that they could not wait for bread dough to rise (leaven). In commemoration, for the duration of Passover no leavened bread is eaten. Matzo (flat unleavened bread) is a symbol of the holiday.

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Phylacteries/Tefillin

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Set of small black leather boxes containing scrolls of parchment inscribed with verses from the Torah, which are worn by observant Jews during weekday morning prayers. The Torah commands that they should be worn to serve as a "sign" and "remembrance" that God brought the children of Israel out of Egypt

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Shema

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The first two words of a section of the Torah that is a centerpiece of the morning and evening Jewish prayer services.

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Pompey

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The Roman general that conquered Palestine in 64 B.C. after the Hasmoneans ruled the land. Pompey’s intercession and the subjugation of the Jews.

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Herod the Great

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Known for both his ruthless exercise of power and for his magnificent building projects. Called a half-Jew because his lineage was not from Judea but from Idumea and had converted to Judaism 50 yrs before his birth. Jews called him a collaborator with the Romans. Basically put into power by the Romans.

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Acrchelaus

Back 43

Ethnarch of Judea and Samaria. Son of Herod the Great.

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Herod Antipas

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Son of Herod the Great. Bore title of Tetrach of Galilee (Mark 6:17-29; Luke 23:6-12) known for his role in the execution of John the Baptist.

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Ethnarch

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Political leadership over a common ethnic group or homogeneous kingdom.

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Tetrarch

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One of the four co-emperors of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarchy. Herod the Great split Palenstine into four kingdoms and gave them to each of his sons.

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Caiaphas

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Roman appointed Jewish high priest who is said to have organized the plot to kill Jesus. He was involved in the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus.

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Procurator

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Title of various officials of the Roman Empire. Govenors.

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"Religio licita"

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Sometimes been taken as a formal recognition or charter originating with Julius Caesar and embodied by various pieces of Roman legislation pertaining to the Jews, conceived of as a coherent policy. a legal religion. non-interference in religious affairs: management of the temple; violations of Jewish law

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Herodians

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A group of Jewish leaders, according to Mark, who were allegedly allied closely with the family of Herod and were thought, therefore, to be collaborators with the Romans.

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Vespasian

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Roman Emperor from 69 AD to 79 AD. He was the founder of the Flavian dynasty and was appointed to suppress the Great Jewish Revolt in Judaea. He is remembered by Josephus, in his "Antiquities of the Jews" as a fair and humane official.

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Titus

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Left in charge of ending the Jewish rebellion. In 70 A.D, he successfully laid siege to and destroyed the city and Temple of Jerusalem.

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Masada

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The name for a site of ancient palaces and fortifications in the South District of Israel, on top of an isolated rock plateau on the eastern edge of the Judean Desert overlooking the Dead Sea. After the First Jewish-Roman War, a siege of the fortress by troops of the Roman Empire led to the mass suicide of the Sicarii rebels in 73 AD

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Jerusalem: a pagan city. The city built by the emperor Hadrian, and occupied by a Roman colony, on the site of Jerusalem, which was in ruins since 70 AD

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Aelia Capitolina

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Hadrian

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Roman emperor. Rebuilt Jerusalem and named it Aelia Capitolina

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Johanan ben Zakkai

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One of the Tannaim, an important Jewish sage in the era of the Second Temple, and a primary contributor to the core text of Rabbinical Judaism, the Mishnah. He is widely regarded as one of the most important Jewish figures of his time. Opposed the Sadducee view of Jewish law.

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Mishnah

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A collection of oral traditions passed on by the generations of Jewish rabbis who saw themselves as the descendents of the Pharisees, put into writing around 200 AD.

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Talmud (Babylonian and Palestinian)

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Central text of mainstream Judaism. It takes the form of a record of rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, philosophy, customs and history. Contains the Mishnah and Gemara

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Pliny the Elder

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Roman writer who wrote about the Essenes. Wrote Natural History.

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"Court of the Gentiles"

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Part of Herod’s Temple. This area was filled with vendors selling souvenirs, sacrificial animals, food, as well as currency changers, exchanging Roman for Tyrian money because the Jews were not allowed to coin their own money and they viewed Roman currency as an abomination to the Lord.

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"Holy of Holies"

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Thought to house the presence of God. The innermost part of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, which God’s presence on earth was believed to dwell. No one could enter this room except the High Priest on the Day of Atonement, to make a sacrifice for the sins of the people.

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Oral Law (Oral Torah = Torah she-be-'al peh)

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Comprises the legal and interpretative traditions that, according to tradition, were transmitted orally from Mount Sinai, and were not written in the Torah. According to Rabbinic Judaism, the oral Torah, oral Law, or oral tradition was given by God orally to Moses in conjunction with the written Torah.

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"Traditions of the Elders"

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Pharisaic oral law. The oral law as a hedge around the Torah.

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"Money changers"

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Exchanged Roman for Tyrian money. Exchanged coins or currency for one country for that of another. [Jesus and the money changers]

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Languages of the Bible in the Ancient World

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Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek