New Foal Exam

Front 1

How long should stage 2 labor last?

Back 1

< 30m

Front 2

Foals should stand and nurse w/n __, preferably w/n __. If not, it's an __.

Back 2

3hrs
1hr
EMERGENCY

Front 3

T/F If a mare is in labor and she is not progressing, you should give her more time.

Back 3

F = EMERGENCY

Front 4

How many times per hour do foals typically nurse?

Back 4

7

Front 5

When is a new foal exam normally performed?

Back 5

@ 12-24hr of age

Front 6

During the new foal exam, "foal-o-gram", what systems should be examined?

Back 6

All of them

Front 7

Describe the HR progression of a foal.

Back 7

Begins at 40-80bpm
Then elevates to 120-150 bpm
Drops to I80-100 bpm

Front 8

Is a respiratory sinus arrhythemia normal in a foal? What about other arrhythemias and their clinical significance?

Back 8

Yes - if they are alive ;-)
+/- other arrhythemias - signficance depends on CS

Front 9

What murmur is commonly found in foals? When are PDAs normal?

Back 9

Holosystolic murmor that is NOT a PDA - likely physiologic

PDA - normal 7-10d, unless other CS of Dz

Front 10

What is the normal HR of an adult horse?

Back 10

40bpm

Front 11

What is the respiratory rate @ birth? W/n an hour?

Back 11

60-80 breaths/min
30 breaths/min

Front 12

T/F Very loud lung sounds are normal in a foal. Explain why or why not.

Back 12

T - d/t decreased body wall thickness

Front 13

T/F Slight crackle in ventral lung fields is normal in a foal.

Back 13

False

Front 14

T/F Flared nostrils and abdominal component are more important to respiration than auscultation

Back 14

T

Front 15

What 3 things should you LOOK/FEEL for during the respiratory portion of NFE.
What Dx aids can you utalize? (2)

Back 15

Palpate thorax for rib fractures
Brown tinged nasal exudate - mechonium aspiration = pneumonia
Milk from nose - cleft palate or weak suck reflex
US (for hernia or hemothorax) , Rads

Front 16

During the Urogenital System poriton of NFE, what 2 things should you be concerned about for colts >> fillies.

Back 16

Both testicles descended at birth + in scrotum
Colts rupture their bladders more often than fillies

Front 17

What breeds are a particular risk for inguinal hernias? Tx?

Back 17

Draft Horses & Standardbred

Correct by manual reduction several times/day x first few days of life

Front 18

3CS of ruptured bladder in foals

Back 18

Straining to urinate
Pass only small amounts @ short intervals
Tail elevated and back hollowed out

Front 19

Is the small defect 4-8cm (approx 2 fingers width) in the body wall normally present at birth. What is this called?

Back 19

Yes
Umbilicus

Front 20

When does the umbilicus usually close?

Back 20

2-3d

Front 21

2 possible problems with the umbilicus? Dx test?

Back 21

Patent Urachus - draining urine
Enlargement of umbilical stalk - possible infection

US of umbilicus

Front 22

Prevention of infection of the umbilicus? (1)

Back 22

Weak betadine or chlorahexadine dip

Front 23

3 types of angular limb deformities?

Back 23

Valgus/Varus
Collapsed carpus/tarsus
Windswept

Front 24

3 problems of axial skeleton?

Back 24

Scoliosis
Lordosis
Kyphosis

Front 25

2 types of Contractural Deformities

Back 25

SDF/DDF tendon (m. not tendon contracts - fyi)
Joint Capsuleseptic joints

Front 26

7 types of non-facial Musculoskeletal System problems.

Back 26

Angular Limb Deformities
Axial Skeleton
Contractural Deformitites
Physeal Injuries
Brachial Plexus Injuries
Gastrocnemius Rupture
Luxations

Front 27

How is the brachial plexus often injured?

Back 27

dystocia

Front 28

What problem do "normal" mini horses appear to have?

Back 28

hydrocephalus

Front 29

What's "wry" nose? What is the issue?

Back 29

nose off to one side - difficulty nursing

Front 30

What 3 big parts should be examined during the opthalmic portion of a NFE. List Common Problems of Each Part (1,2,3)

Back 30

Eyelids - Entropions
Anterior Chamber - Hyphema, hypion
Eye -
Cornea - ulcers
Lens - Sutures lines, persistent hyaloid
Retina - detachments, vascular distruptions to optic disc

Front 31

What must pass thru the foals GI w/n the first few hours? What CS would you see? What would you find on PE? How would you Tx?

Back 31

Mechonium

Straining w/tail elevated and back arched - short, frequent attempts to nurse

Ausculatation - sounds every 20-30s

Pain meds; stomach tube is difficult

Front 32

What would you likely find on percussion of the intestines in a foal?

Back 32

gas filled areas

Front 33

Why would passing a nasogastric tube be difficult in the foal?

Back 33

depressed swallowing reflex

Front 34

What "AbN" findings are normal in the foal's neuro exam? (5) What is actually AbN? What is the likely cause? (2)

Back 34

Vestibular System - normally jerky movement
Ocular Reflexes - normally slower than in adult, menance may be absent
Swallowing reflex - depressed
Foals are hyperreflexic to stimuli until several weeks old
Gait - ataxic, circling

Abnormal Vocalizations - can't find mare = "Dummy Foal" or Blind

Front 35

T/F Hemogram values of foals are significantly diff from adults in first few weeks

Back 35

T

Front 36

In the foal what does this mean?

Inc BUN/Creatine = __
Inc GGT = __
Inc All Liver Enzymes = __

Back 36

Kidney problem
Normally elevated to some degree
Liver problem

Front 37

TP should be > __. Why?

Back 37

6 = IgG should be Inc

Front 38

When is the best time to give Colostrum?

Back 38

THE SOONER THE BETTER - MUST RECEIVE HIGH QUALITY W/N 12 HRS

Front 39

When should IgG be measured?

Back 39

18-30hrs after birth

Front 40

What should the urine specific gravity of a foal be?

Back 40

1050

Front 41

2 ways to test for passive transfer?

Back 41

ELISA for equine IgG
Radial Immunoassay

Front 42

In evaluating the SNAP test....

Foal A has snap test result of 900 mg/dl of IgG. What does that mean?

Foal B has a 550 mg/dl IgG. What does that mean?

Foal C has a IgG of 390. You guessed it! WTF does that mean?

Back 42

A - normal (>800 mg/dl)
B - partial failure transfer (>400 but <800 mg/dl)
C - failure of passive transfer (<400 mg/dl)

Front 43

What do you do for the FPT and the PFPT foals, how does time affect it?

Back 43

Colostrum - orally, if <12-24hrs
Equine serum - oral
Lyophilized IgG - oral
IV plasma transfer - only option from 18-24 hrs

Front 44

Why might a client be hesitent for opt for IV plasma transfer for a foal? What would you tell them?

Back 44

IV plasma transfer is = $250/L (FPT = 2-3L Tx; PFPT = 1L Tx)

No plasma = "wait and see" = 3K-5K Tx

Front 45

What confirmational issues might the mare have? What might she need supplemented with?

Back 45

Poor perineal conformation

Progesterone - placenta does produce until 5m
Nutritional - not fat/skinny mare

Front 46

Describe the vacc protocols of prepartum mares

Back 46

1m prior - F/R, EWT, WNV, PHF, +/- botulism (btw, i have no idea what F/R is... if you do let me know :-)

8,9, 10 m - Rotavirus

5, 7, 9m - EHV-1, EHV-4

Regular Deworming schedule and w/n 24hr of foaling

Front 47

What parasite are you trying to prevent at the 24hr w/n foaling deworming? Who are you protecting?

Back 47

Strongloid Westeri - horomone response = travels to mammary gland to infect foal

Foal

Front 48

What dzs are you most concerned with during foalhood? (8)

Back 48

WNV
Tetanus
EEE/WEE/VEE
Influenza
Rhinophneumonitis
PHF
Stangles
Rabies

Front 49

How would you modify the vacc schedule of a foal from a mare who was vaccinated/unvacc for tetanus? flu? rabies? encephalities?

Back 49

Tetanus -
NonVacc = Antitoxin @ birth.. followed w/toxoid vacc
Vacc = toxid at 6 m, followed w/toxoid

Then annually + at time of wound, sx or hoof abcess

Flu- (killed vacc, its diff for mod live)
NonVacc = 1st dose @ 6m
Vacc = 1st dose @ 9m

Rabies -
NonVacc - 1st dose@ 3-4m
Vacc - 1st dose @ 6m

Encephalities-
NonVacc- 1st dose @ 3-4m
Vacc- 1st dose @ 6m

Front 50

Why are there diff protocals for the encephalities?

Back 50

High Risk Vs. Low Risk

Front 51

Diff first dose of mod live vs. killed flu vacc

Back 51

Killed given earlier (6-9m, depending on mare's vacc status)

Live - 1st dose @ 11m

Front 52

What rhinopnemonities do you vacc for? (2)

Back 52

EHV-1
EHV-4

Front 53

Do you vacc for PHF?

Back 53

yup

Front 54

What are you options for the Strangles Vacc? (2) Diff when inital dose is given?

Back 54

Injectable - 4-6m
Intranasal - 6-9m

Front 55

When should you begin deworming foal? What should you use? Like which products? What if they are older and have never been dewormed?

Back 55

3-4m
Less toxic products = Panacur, Strongid
Older = use 1/2 dose for first 2x

Front 56

What happen to a dummy foal?

Back 56

He took Weisboro's Test...

He had an hypoxic/ischemic injury - i have that he was born normal, but idk... you've been warned :-P