New Final Material: Shihadeh Socl 4461

Front 1

The purpose of punishment is to:

Back 1

deter crime or deviance

Front 2

This model of crime prevention underlies our entire legal system

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Detterance model

Front 3

This model essentially assumes that man is rational and calculating and expresses free will. Taken from classical perspective.

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Detterance model

Front 4

This model tries to deter crime by maximizing pain through punishment. (such as a fine, imprisonment, etc).

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Detterance model

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the affect of penalties on the population as a whole, by implication then, the effect on non-offenders.
What keeps you from doing it?

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General detterance

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the effect of penalties on a particular offender.
Does that 15 year sentence keep that person from doing it again?

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Specific Detterance

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the effect of introducing penalties where none had existed before
o Nothing defined martial rape previously, but that had to come over a basic conceptual hurdle. Marital rape can be just as brutal as rape. They had to introduce new laws that forbid this activity and carry with it substantial punishment. The rates of martial rape went down after new laws were passed.

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Absolute Deterrance

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The effect of increasing or decreasing already existing penalties on either general or specific behavior.

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Marginal Deterrance

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If you increase punishment for drug sentencing from 10 years to 15 years, this is what type of deterrance

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Marginal deterrence

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With this type of deterrence, you run into basically a saturation effect. That saturation effect says the more you increase the punishment (the marginal deterrent) the lower the rate of return. It’s called a decreasing return. You get some return, but the % return decreasing as you increase the punishment.

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Marginal deterrence

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The whole point of this theory is that punishment is intended to deter crime but it actually has the opposite effect. It can create an infringed commitment to crime.

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Social Reaction (Labeling) Theory

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plays a special emphasis on interaction processes of individuals (generally small scale interaction) and how we place or establish our identities in those interactions.

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Symbollic interactionism (Labeling theory has its roots in this viewpoint)

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The identity that we establish through our interactions with others is known as the:

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Looking glass self

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a person’s main social identity (you may have many: father, coach, manager, etc.) One of these identities tends to override everything else about that person and this is your ______ status. Associated with labeling theory

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Master status.

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a spoiled identity that makes people treat that person as dirty or bad and someone to be avoided (like ex-con or a psychiatric label)

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Stigma

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the process in which authorities or others try to impose a deviant stigma on someone and that someone at the same time is trying to fight it off (this is why they call it a contest)

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stigma contest

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Give an example of a stigma contest

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criminal trial

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ceremony or ritual by which the person’s identity is formally lowered or stigmatized in the eyes of others. (The conviction and the sentencing in a trial.)

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status degradation ceremony

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According to labeling theorists, does making victimless crimes illegal cause more problems than it solves.

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Labeling theorists say it does cause more problems. These laws are practically unenforceable because they occur in private. To erradicate them we would need to engage in total surveillance of people.

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How can making victimiless crimes illegal lead to discriminatory enforcement patterns.

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Because of status and wealth, some people are better at hiding their behavior than others. This leads to discriminatory enforcement patterns

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According to labeling theorists, what are some of the major drawbacks of making victimless crimes illegal?

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Because these things are made illegal, they can increase other types of crime. These laws are expensive to enforce. These laws actually help support organized crime. These laws can damage people's respect for the law. People convicted of these crimes get criminal records that narrow legitimate opportunities and expand illigitimate opportunities.

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This paradigm looks for the divisions or conflicts in society. Conflict explains social change. Starts on the basis that society is stratified by a hierarchy of power. Laws and the enforcement of those laws (the social control of deviance), is all shaped the interests of those in power.

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Critical or conflict perspective (Radical)

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What is the difference between regular and radical conflict theorists

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Regular critical or conflict theorists argue that laws are written and enforced to protect the interests of those in power. They also argue that those who are in power, change. Radical conflict theorists argue that those in power never change.

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Studied 9,945 boys in logitudinal design, starting when the boys were 10 and until they were 18
He found that 6.3 percent of the boys in the study, accounted for 52% of all the crime committed by that group.

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Wolfgang Studies

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Those who fit more than four or more of these critieria commit 31 crimes per year, according to wolfgang.

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Conviction before the age of 16. Previous commitment to a juvenile institution. The use of heroin or barbituates during the last 2 years prior to the arrest.
The use of heroin or barbituates as a juvenile.