New Chapter 6

Front 1

Except for collar bones, all bones of the body inferior to the skull form by the process of

Back 1

Endochondral ossification

Front 2

___ ___ invade the___ covering the hyaline cartilage model and convert it to___.

Back 2

Blood vessels; perichondrium; periosteum.

Front 3

___ at the___ surface of the periosteum secrete___ ___ around the hyaline cartilage model, forming a___ ___.

Back 3

Osteoblasts; inner; bone matrix; bone collar.

Front 4

___ in the shaft center___ and then hollows out, forming an internal cavity. What ossification process?

Back 4

Cartilage ; calcifies. Endochondral ossification.

Front 5

___ bone forms. It is then removed by___ to form the___ cavity. What ossification process?

Back 5

Spongy; osteoclasts; medullary. Endochondral ossification

Front 6

First major step of Endochondral ossification

Back 6

Chondrocytes enlarge, die, and calcify

Front 7

Second major step of Endochondral ossification

Back 7

Blood vessels invade the perichondrium of the cartilage model

Front 8

Third major step of Endochondral ossification

Back 8

Perichondrium is converted to periosteum so that the inner layer produces bone

Front 9

Fourth major step of Endochondral ossification

Back 9

Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone

Front 10

Fifth major step of Endochondral ossification

Back 10

Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity

Front 11

First major step of intramembranous ossification

Back 11

Osteoblasts differentiate within a connective tissue at the site of arterioles

Front 12

Second major step of intramembranous ossification

Back 12

Osteoblasts cluster together to form ossification center

Front 13

Third major step of intramembranous ossification

Back 13

Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that become calcified

Front 14

Fourth step in intramembranous ossification

Back 14

Trabeculae radiate outward from ossification center (spongy bone) to join with neighboring trabeculae

Front 15

Osteocytes:

1) mature bone cells

2) repair damaged bone

3)dissolve bone matrix

4) are in lacunae

5) secrete collagen fibers

6) found on inner layer of periosteum

Back 15

1, 2, 4

Front 16

Osteocytes

1) found in periosteum

2) divide

3) most abundant cell in bone

4) differentiate to osteocytes

5) maintain protein and minerals

6) located in endosteum

Back 16

3 and 5

Front 17

Osteoclasts

1) divide

2) multinucleated to dissolve bone matrix

3) maintain population of osteoblasts

4) in exposed matrix of endosteum

5) derive from stem cells

6) in lacunae

Back 17

2, 4, 5

Front 18

Osteogenic

1) divide

2) mature bone cells

3) most abundant bone cell

4) located inner layer of periosteum 5) Stem cells

6) secrete collagen fibers

Back 18

1, 4, 5

Front 19

Osteogenic

1) differentiate to osteocytes

2) differentiate to osteoblasts

3) dissolve bone matrix

4) derive from stem cells

5) mature bone cells

6) important in repair of fracture

Back 19

2, 6

Front 20

Osteoblasts

1) mature bone cell

2) dissolve bone matrix

3) secrete collagen fibers

4) differentiate to osteocytes

5) differentiate to osteoclasts

6) create bone matrix

Back 20

3, 4, 6

Front 21

Osteogenesis

Back 21

Formation of bone

Front 22

Osteolysis

Back 22

Bone matrix is dissolved

Front 23

Osteolysis releases what minerals to where

Back 23

Calcium and phosphorus to ECF or blood

Front 24

Ossification

Back 24

Existing tissue is replaced with bone tissue

Front 25

Calcification

Back 25

Depositing calcium salts within a tissue

Front 26

Osteoid

Back 26

Organic component of bone

Front 27

Medullary cavity contains

Back 27

Marrow

Front 28

Calcitonin

Back 28

Decrease the level of calcium in blood. (hypocalcemia)

Front 29

Hypocalcemia

Back 29

Low calcium in bloood

Front 30

Parathyroid hormones (PTH)

Back 30

Increase level of calcium in blood (hypercalcemia)

Front 31

Hypercalcemia

Back 31

High level of calcium in blood

Front 32

Cause of hypercalcemia

Back 32

Osteoclasts breaking down bone

Front 33

Result of hypocalcemia

Back 33

Calcium from blood is released in urine

Front 34

Calcitonin and PTH are both___ that affect ___ ___ level?

Back 34

Hormones. Blood calcium

Front 35

Vitamins necessary for bone formation

Back 35

A, B12, C, D, K

Front 36

Vitamins not necessary for bone formation:

1) A

2) E

3) C

4) K

5) D

6) B6

Back 36

2 and 6 are not necessary

Front 37

A

Back 37

Osteogenic/osteoprogenitor

Front 38

B

Back 38

Osteoblast

Front 39

C

Back 39

Osteocyte

Front 40

D

Back 40

Osteoclast

Front 41

Zone of calcified cartilage

Back 41

A

Front 42

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

Back 42

B

Front 43

Zone of proliferating cartilage

Back 43

C

Front 44

Zone of resting cartilage

Back 44

D

Front 45

Lacuna

Back 45

A

Front 46

Lamella

Back 46

B

Front 47

Canaliculi

Back 47

C

Front 48

Osteoclasts

Back 48

D

Front 49

Osteocyte

Back 49

E

Front 50

Osteomalacia

Back 50

Softening of bones due to lack of minerals

Front 51

Most common cause of osteomalacia

Back 51

Vitamin D deficiency

Front 52

Osteomalacia in children

Back 52

Ricketts. Bowed legs

Front 53

Osteoporosis

Back 53

Reduction in bone mass

Front 54

Correct order of bone repair

1) formation of bony callus

2) formation of hematoma

3) formation of fibrocartilaginous callus

4) remodeling the callus

Back 54

2, 3, 1, 4

Front 55

Pott fracture

Back 55

Fracture of the distal end of lateral fibula

Front 56

Colles fracture

Back 56

Distal end of lateral radius

Front 57

Comminuted fracture

Back 57

Bone is crushed and small bone fragments lie between two main fragments

Front 58

Impacted fracture

Back 58

One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into another

Front 59

Reduction

Back 59

Process that brings the fractured end into alignment