Neuroz Lame

Front 1

What is mostly infratentorially in the posterior cranial fossa

Back 1

brainstem

Front 2

ventricular components associated with the brainstem

Back 2

1) cerebral aqueduct 2) 4th ventricle and 3) central canal

Front 3

What overlies most of the posterior aspect of the brainstem?

Back 3

cerebellum which is not defined as part of the brainstem

Front 4

From superior to inferior the brainstem is divided into 3 regions

Back 4

1) mesencephalon (midbrain) 2) pons and 3) medulla oblongta

Front 5

The spinal cord is continuous with what?

Back 5

the brainstem at the medulla

Front 6

the border between the spinal cord and the medulla is marked by?

Back 6

a ventral fiber structure called pyramidal decussation

Front 7

what is pyramidal decussation?

Back 7

represents the site where most of the descending corticospinal fibers cross to the side contralateral to the location of the neuron cell bodies of these axon fibers

Front 8

At the pyramidal decussation the...

Back 8

ventral median fissure of the spinal cord is blocked by the crossing fibers

Front 9

Superiorly the mesencephalon is continuous with?

Back 9

the diencephalon and telencephalon

Front 10

in general, the central regions of the mesencephalon are continuous with

Back 10

diencephalic structures and contain specific nuclei and ascending and descending fiber bundles

Front 11

what are the ventral regions of the mesencephalon called?

Back 11

crus cerebri

Front 12

crus cerebri is continuous with what?

Back 12

descending motor axon fibers that contribute to the formation of the internal capsule of the telencephalon

Front 13

what is the brainstem core called?

Back 13

reticular formation

Front 14

what does the reticular formation contain?

Back 14

intrinsic nuclei of various functional activities

Front 15

brainstem contains but is not limited to?

Back 15

1) ascending axon fiber bundles that originate from spinal cord neurons and descending axon fiber bundles that originate from neurons in the telecephalon and diencephalon
2) ascending and descending axon fiber bundles that originate from brainstem neurons
3) cranial nerve sensory and motor nuclei
4) extrapyramidal motor nuclei
5) afferent and efferent axon fibers related to the function of the cerebellum
6) nuclear centers that control/modulate somatic and autonomic and special sensory reflexes
7) nuclei that are important in pain modulation and consciousness/arousal
8) cardiac and respiratory centers

Front 16

axon fiber bundles contained in the brainstem are described using the following term?

Back 16

lemniscus (ribbon), tract, or fasciculus

Front 17

ascending fiber bundles carry?

Back 17

sensory information

Front 18

descending bundles are?

Back 18

motor in nature

Front 19

medulla is?

Back 19

the most caudal/inferior portion of brainstem and is continusous with the spinal cord at pyramidal decussation

Front 20

superior limit of the medulla is demarcated by?

Back 20

bilateral elevations on teh floor of the rhomboid fossa (hypoglossal trigones)

Front 21

what are hypoglossal trigones?

Back 21

bilateral elevations on the floor of the rhomboid fossa

Front 22

medulla contains nuclei associated with what CN?

Back 22

8-12, however the spinal trigeminal nucleus of CN 5 [which begins at the mid-pontine level] extends inferiorly into the medulla and spinal cord

Front 23

medulla is the site where?

Back 23

somatomotor and DC/ML somatosensory decussations occur

Front 24

medulla contains important nuclei that?

Back 24

form autonomic "reflex centers" for cardiac and respiratory activity

Front 25

The medulla has several ventral, ventrolateral and dorsal characteristic anatomic features. Ventrally...

Back 25

Ventrally the pyramidal decussation blocks the ventral median fissure for a few millimeters at the spinal cord/meduallary junction. Just superior to pyramidial decussation the ventral median fissure continues to the inferior limit of the pons.

Front 26

THe ventral median fissure of the medulla lies between 2 ventral paramedian elevations called?

Back 26

medually pyramids

Front 27

Medually pyramids are formed by what?

Back 27

decending corticospinal fibers mostly and some remaining corticobulbar and corticoreticular fibers

Front 28

what axon exits the brainstem at the ventromedial junction of the pyramids with the basilar pons?

Back 28

CN 6 abducens nuclei

Front 29

The ventrolateral sulci of the spinal cord continue in the medulla towards?

Back 29

the pons

Front 30

the ventrolateral sulcus is where what emereges from the spinal cord?

Back 30

ventral horn axon fibers of spinal nerves

Front 31

where do the motor rootlets for CN 11 exit?

Back 31

from the ventrolateral sulci

Front 32

nucleus underlying the olive is?

Back 32

inferior olivary nucleus

Front 33

each preolivarly sulcus lies where?

Back 33

ventromedially between an ipsilateral olive and pyramid

Front 34

what emerges as rootlets from the post olivary sulcus?

Back 34

efferent somatomotor axon fibers from CN 12

Front 35

what emerges as rootlets from the postolivary sulcus?

Back 35

axon fibers for CN 10 and CN 9

Front 36

the number of hypoglossal and vagal rootlets relects ?

Back 36

the vertical lengths for respective underlying nuclei

Front 37

at the posterior lateral junction of the medulla with the pons, the cerebellum contributes to?

Back 37

formation of space called cerebellopontine angle

Front 38

Which CN exit the brainstem at the cerebellopontine angle?

Back 38

CN 7 and 8

Front 39

what 3 dorsal sulci of the upper thoracic and cervial spinal cord continue into the medulla?

Back 39

1) dorsal median 2) dorsal intermediate and 3) dorsolateral

Front 40

what lies between 2 paramedian elevations of the gracile tubercles?

Back 40

dorsal median sulcus

Front 41

where are the gracile tubercules located?

Back 41

at the junction of the closed and open medulla

Front 42

lateral to each gracile tubercule is?

Back 42

cuneate tubercles

Front 43

what separates the gracile and cuneate tubercles?

Back 43

dorsal intermediate sulcus

Front 44

lateral to the cuneate tubercle is what?

Back 44

dorsolateral sulci

Front 45

what are the 2 regions of the medulla?

Back 45

open and closed medulla

Front 46

closed medulla begins where?

Back 46

at the junction of the spinal cord and the medulla

Front 47

the inferior boundary of the medulla is marked ventrally by what?

Back 47

pyramidial decussation

Front 48

the closed medulla contains?

Back 48

beginning of the central canal of the spinal cord, gracile and cuneate fasciculi and their respective nuclei

Front 49

the superior limit of the closed medulla on the dorsal surface is?

Back 49

obex [L. barrier]

Front 50

the obex is located where?

Back 50

in the roof of the closed medulla at the inferior recess of the rhomboid fossa

Front 51

you can think of the obex as what?

Back 51

floor of the median aperture of magendie

Front 52

the open medulla is associated with parts of the ?

Back 52

rhomboid fossa of the 4th ventricle

Front 53

at the level of the open medulla what is no longer present?

Back 53

the gracile and cuneate nuclei

Front 54

the floor of the 4th ventricle is located where?

Back 54

dorsal region of the brainsetm

Front 55

the rhomboid fossa has what?

Back 55

superior recess, inferior recess and 2 lateral recesses

Front 56

the lateral recesses are continuous with?

Back 56

the lateral apertures of lushcka

Front 57

what forms the roof of the 4th ventricle?

Back 57

the cerebellum, inferior medullary velum, and the superior medually velum [which are located dorsally]

Front 58

the superior medually velum is located at what angle?

Back 58

superior angle

Front 59

what contirbutes for the formation of the rhomboid fossa?

Back 59

pons and medulla

Front 60

what approximates the division between the medulla inferiorly and the pons superiorly?

Back 60

an imaginary line drawn between the 2 lateral recesses

Front 61

the imaginary line at the 2 lateral recesses of the rhomboid fossa represents what?

Back 61

the position of several elevations caused by transversely projecting fiber bundles called the stria medullares

Front 62

the stria medullares can be used to detect what?

Back 62

the superior limit of the open medualla

Front 63

in the midline of the rhomboid fossa there is a single longitudinal groove called?

Back 63

the median sulcus

Front 64

the median sulcus divides the rhomboid fossa into what?

Back 64

symmetrical R and L halves

Front 65

on either side of the medial sulcus are longitudinal elevations called?

Back 65

medial eminences

Front 66

the part of the median eminence of the open medulla is called what?

Back 66

hypoglossal trigone [corresponds to the underlying hypoglossal nucleus]

Front 67

part of the medial eminence of the pons is called?

Back 67

facial colliculus

Front 68

the facial colliculus corresponds to?

Back 68

underlying abducens nucli and arching fibers of the facial motor nucleus

Front 69

the facial motor nucleus is also called?

Back 69

branchiomotor - SVE

Front 70

at the level of the obex there are elevations lateral to each hypoglossal trigone - which are called?

Back 70

vagal trigones

Front 71

the vagal trigones represent the sites of the underlying?

Back 71

dorsal motor nuclei of the vagus -GVE

Front 72

immediately lateral to each side of the obex is the?

Back 72

area postreama

Front 73

the area postrema is what

Back 73

a circumventricular organ that lacks a blood-brain barrier and is an important emetric [vomiting] center

Front 74

superior of the hypoglossal trigones marks the beginning of?

Back 74

the pons

Front 75

lateral recesses of the rhomboid fossa represent

Back 75

underlying vestibular nuclear complex [CN 8]

Front 76

the vestibular nuclear complex is referred to as what area?

Back 76

vestibular area

Front 77

superior to hypoglossal trigone are elevations called?

Back 77

facial colliculi

Front 78

facial colliculi are superior regions of?

Back 78

medial eminences

Front 79

facial colliculi represent efferent fibers of?

Back 79

CN 7 and mark the site of the underlying abducens nucleus CN 7 - GSE

Front 80

facial colliculus and associated structures are components in the?

Back 80

pons

Front 81

the ventral region of the pons is mostely?

Back 81

1) pontine neurons and their crossing axon fibers
2) pontocerebellar fibers
3) corticofugal fibers [descending cortiospinal fibers, corticoreticular fibers, corticopontine fibers and corticobulbar fibers

Front 82

what fibers continue into the ventral medulla to form the pyramids?

Back 82

corticospinal fibers

Front 83

all of the pontocerebellar fibers form?

Back 83

the middle cerebellar peduncles

Front 84

the middle cerebellar peduncles are or are not part of the pons?

Back 84

are NOT

Front 85

Many fibers of what envelop the lateral aspects of the pons?

Back 85

cerebellar peduncle

Front 86

Efferent axons of what emerge ventrally from the brainstm between the pons and medulla

Back 86

CN 6

Front 87

the lateral surface of the pons is characterized by a large mass of axon fibers of what nerve?

Back 87

trigeminal nerve CN 5

Front 88

what cranial nerves are associated with the pons?

Back 88

CN 5,6,7, parts of 8

Front 89

the superior limit of the pons can be appreciated on the ventral surface of the brainstem where what meets?

Back 89

2 crus cerebri of the midbrain meet the pons

Front 90

mesencephalon lies between?

Back 90

telencephalon/diencephalon and the pons

Front 91

ventrally the inferior limit of the midrain begins at the junction?

Back 91

crus cerebri and pons

Front 92

CN associated with midbrain?

Back 92

CN 3,4

Front 93

what lies betwen the 2 crus cerebri

Back 93

the interpeduncular fossa [L.trench] which contains the interpeduncular cistern

Front 94

the roof of the interpeduncular fossa is called

Back 94

the posterior perforated substance

Front 95

what CN exits the brainsetm from the interpeduncular fossa and pass between the origins of the superior cerebellar and posterior cerebral arters from the basilar artery?

Back 95

CN 3

Front 96

mesencephalon is divided into?

Back 96

dorsal tectum {quadrageminal plate} and 2 large ventral cerebral peduncles

Front 97

the what are the most ventral parts of the cerebral peduncles?

Back 97

pes pedunculi

Front 98

pes pedunculi contains?

Back 98

descending corticospinal, corticoreticular, corticobulbar and corticopontine fibers

Front 99

midsagittal section of the midbrain would show

Back 99

CSF filled cerebral aqueduct

Front 100

tectum consists of what?

Back 100

superior and inferior colleculi

Front 101

the nuceli of the inferior colleculi are

Back 101

relay centers for the convergence of binaural auditory stimuli for auditory cognitive perception

Front 102

efferent axon projections from neurons of an inferior colliculus are mostely to?

Back 102

an ipsilateral thalamic relay nucleus the medial geniculate nucleus/body MGN

Front 103

efferent axon projections from neurons of the inferior colliculus for an elevation called

Back 103

brachium of the inferior colliculus

Front 104

the brachium of the inferior colliculus is located lateral to?

Back 104

ipsilateral superior colliculus

Front 105

what is the auditory relay nucleus of the thalamus?

Back 105

medial geniculate nucleus

Front 106

the MGN is located lateral to what?

Back 106

superior colliculus

Front 107

CN 4 exits the brainstem from

Back 107

the dorsal aspect of the mesencephalon just inferior to an inferior colliculi

Front 108

the only CN to exit the brainstem dorsally is

Back 108

CN 4 [these fibers course laterally around the cerebral peduncles to gain a ventral position

Front 109

nuclei of superior colliculi are relay centers for

Back 109

visual, auditory and somatosensory reflexive activity to coordinate head movement with eye movement

Front 110

primary efferent projection from superior colliculi is to

Back 110

lateral geniculate nuclei/bodies via brachium of superior colliculi

Front 111

the brachium of the superior colliculus does what

Back 111

curves superior/dorsal to the medial geniculate body to reach the lateral geniculate body

Front 112

lateral geniculate nuclei represent?

Back 112

the visual relay nuclei of the thalamus and each is located just lateral to a medial geniculate nucleus

Front 113

blood supply to the medually pyramids and reticular formation is from the

Back 113

anterior spinal arteries

Front 114

gracile and cuneate nuceli receive blood from

Back 114

dorsal spinal arteries

Front 115

the inferior olviary nucleis is supplied by

Back 115

arterial branches of the vertebral artery and the PICA

Front 116

primary vasculartization of the pons is from

Back 116

pontine branches of the basilar artery

Front 117

at the level of the inferior colliculus the midbrain receives?

Back 117

arterial blood from branches of the superior cerebellar artery

Front 118

the nucleus of the inferior colliculus recieves blood from

Back 118

branches of the posterior cerebral artery

Front 119

cerebral peduncles recevies additional blood supply from the?

Back 119

posterior cerebral and basilar arteries

Front 120

at the level of the superior colliculus the predominant blood supply comes from

Back 120

the posterior cerebral artery

Front 121

the dorsal quadrigeminal plate receives blood supply from

Back 121

a branch of the posterior cerebral artery called the quadrigeminal or collicular artery

Front 122

somatomotor pathways involve what circuitry?

Back 122

voluntary and involunatary

Front 123

voluntary pathways originte mostly from neurons in?

Back 123

3 ares of the frontal lobe and also from a small part of the parietal lobe

Front 124

for the voluntary pathway - frontal lobe part- the regions in the frontal lobe are?

Back 124

precentral gyrus {primary somatomotor cortex}, posterior parts of the lateral surface of the supperior and middle gyri and medial gyri of the superior frontal gyrus

Front 125

for the voluntary pathway - parietal lobe part- the regions in the parietal lobe are?

Back 125

derived from anterior wall of the postcentral gryus

Front 126

the frontal and parietal lobe areas for the voluntary pathways constitute the ______ and their neurons are _____

Back 126

motor cortices and upper motor neurons

Front 127

upper motor neurons give rise to

Back 127

projection fibers that form descending corticospinal, corticobulbar and corticoreticular tracts that control voluntary skeletal muscle movements for the entire body

Front 128

corticobulbar fibers control what

Back 128

voluntary skeletal muscle movements under cranial nerve control

Front 129

all motor cortices project fibers to where in the spinal cord

Back 129

ventral horn lower motor neurons

Front 130

supplemental and premotor areas can carry out motor movements of?

Back 130

axial and proximal limb musculature

Front 131

primary motor cortex is primarily concerned with what?

Back 131

fine motor movement of mostely distal musculature

Front 132

white matter of cerebral hemisphere consists of

Back 132

association fibers, commissural fibers and projection fibers

Front 133

what interconnects adjacent and distant gyri within a single hemisphere?

Back 133

short and long association fibers

Front 134

what interconnects various regions of the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

Back 134

commissural fibers [such as those forming the corpus callosum]

Front 135

ascending descending fibers that provide distant connections are called

Back 135

projection fibers

Front 136

projection fibers coalesce medially as a fiber bundle called

Back 136

internal capsule

Front 137

first evidence of internal capsule can be seen on?

Back 137

cross section of the frontal lobe through the head of the caudate nucleus and putamen

Front 138

at a cross sectional level the internal capsule is bordered by

Back 138

medially by the caudate nucleus and laterally by the putamen

Front 139

more posteriorly, fibers of the internal capsule is bordered laterally by

Back 139

lentiform nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus) and meidally by the thalamus

Front 140

3 parts of the internal capsule?

Back 140

1) anterior limb 2) genu and 3) posterior limb

Front 141

anterior limb, genu, and posterior limb appear as what shaped structure on horizontal sections?

Back 141

boomerang-shaped

Front 142

anterior limb of the internal capsule is located between

Back 142

caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus

Front 143

posterior limb of the internal capsule is located between

Back 143

thalamus and lentiform nucleus

Front 144

what is the curved region between the anterior and posterior limbs of internal capsule?

Back 144

genu

Front 145

what limb contains many projection fibers that are concerned with limbic pathways as well as some frontal lobe fibers that are projecting to the pons

Back 145

anterior limb

Front 146

posterior limb contains what fibers?

Back 146

3 somatosensory neurons of the thalamus {VPL and VPM} and descending motor fibers projecting to the thalamuc {VA/VL} spinal cord [corticospinal fibers] and some crainal nerve motor nuceli {corticobulbar fibers} and pons {corticopontine fibers}

Front 147

most of the corticobulbar fibers are in the?

Back 147

posterior limb of the internal capsule {however some are in the genu}