Neurotransmitters

Front 1

The neuromuscular junction is the synapse between the terminal end of a ____ and a skeletal muscle fiber.

Back 1

alpha motor neuron

Front 2

Ach is formed from ____, a common metabolite of the mitochondria and ____ a common turnover product of membrane lipids, with the enzyme _______.

Back 2

acetyl-CoA, choline, choline acetyl transferase

Front 3

Ach is degraded by acetylcholinesterase that has a ____ residue in its active site, into ____ and ____, which are taken into the nerve terminal.

Back 3

serine, choline, acetate

Front 4

___ is the major transmitter in the PNS, but is also found in the in the midbrain reticular formation, _____ and basal forebrain of the ____.

Back 4

Ach, basal ganglia, CNS

Front 5

Cholingeric synapses can have ___ receptors which are _____ ion channels, or _____ receptors that are linked to ___ and ___ proteins.

Back 5

nicotinic, ligand gated, muscarinic, Gi, Gq

Front 6

____ is an antagonist agent that blocks the nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction, while ____ is an agonist that stimulates the receptors in the CNS.

Back 6

curare, nicotine, agonist

Front 7

___ inhibit acetylcholinesterase by irreversibly reacting with the ___ residue in the active site, but ____ can be used to reduce the effect of Ach.

Back 7

organophosphates, serine, atropine sulfate

Front 8

Atropine is a _____ antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, therefore ___ the activity of the parasympathetic system.

Back 8

competitive, reducing

Front 9

The biogenic amines are produced from the aromatic amino acids ____,____, and ____.

Back 9

Tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine

Front 10

Tyrosine is converted into the catecholamines, ____, ____, and ____.

Back 10

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Front 11

In the cytoplasm, L-Tyrosine is converted into L-DOPA by ____.

Back 11

tyrosine hydroxylase

Front 12

L-DOPA is converted in the cytoplasm into dopamine by ____.

Back 12

DOPA decarboxylase

Front 13

Dopamine is converted into norepinephrine in the _____ by _____.

Back 13

adrenal medulla, dopamine beta hydroxylase

Front 14

Norepinephrine is converted into epinephrine in the adrenal medulla through phenylethanolamine methytransferase and ____.

Back 14

SAM

Front 15

The inactivation of catecholines is by ___ dependent high infinity uptake back into the nerve terminal.

Back 15

sodium

Front 16

Catecholamines inactivation after uptake is done by deamination by _____ and methylation by ____.

Back 16

MAO, COMT (catecholmethytransferase)

Front 17

Tricyclic antidepressants inhibit synaptic uptake of ___ and ____.

Back 17

NE, 5-HT

Front 18

SSRI's decrease the uptake of ____, and therefore have less side effects than ____ which also inhibits NE.

Back 18

serotonin, tricyclic antidepressants

Front 19

Cocaine inhibits the uptake of ____, ____ and ____.

Back 19

dopamine, norepinephrine, 5-HT

Front 20

Amphetamines release cytoplasmic ____, ____, and ____.

Back 20

NE, dopamine, 5-HT

Front 21

Neuroleptics have an antagonist effect on ____ receptors.

Back 21

dopamine

Front 22

MAO-A degrades ____ and MAO-B degrades ____, and both degrade _____ and are found on the ____.

Back 22

serotonin, dopamine, NE, mitochondrial membrane

Front 23

The rate limiting step in the inactivation of the catechomlamines and 5-HT is the ____.

Back 23

uptake of NT

Front 24

Glutamate is turned into ____ by ____.

Back 24

GABA, glutamate decarboxylase

Front 25

___ and ___ are the major excitatory NTs troughout the CNS.

Back 25

glumtamate, asparate

Front 26

___ is the major inhibitory transmitter in the brain, while ____ is the major inhibitory transmitter in the spine and brain stem

Back 26

GABA, glycine

Front 27

____ amino acid transmitters are always excitatory and over 50% of the CNS syapses contain them.

Back 27

glutamate

Front 28

GABA-A receptors open ___ channels in the brain.

Back 28

chloride

Front 29

NMDA glutamate receptors open ____ or ___ channels.

Back 29

Na+, Ca++

Front 30

____ receptors open sodium channels in the neuromuscular junction, autonomic ganglia, and brain.

Back 30

nicotinic

Front 31

____ receptors open chloride channels in the brain stem and spinal cord, and are blocked by the poison ___.

Back 31

glycine, strychnine

Front 32

Ionotropic receptors are involved in ____ transmission and are ____ gated ion channels.

Back 32

fast, ligand

Front 33

Metabotropic receptors are involved in ___ transmission and are ____ coupled receptors.

Back 33

slow, secondary messenger

Front 34

NE receptors that are post junctional and can cause contraction of smooth muscles.

Back 34

alpha 1 adrenoreceptors

Front 35

NE receptors that are inhibitory on parasympathetic post ganglions and sympathetic junctions.

Back 35

alpha 2 adrenoreceptors

Front 36

NE receptors that are post junctional and can increase HR.

Back 36

beta 1 adrenoreceptors

Front 37

___ receptors bind epinephrine prejunctionally and promote the release of NE.

Back 37

beta 2

Front 38

____ receptors inhibit smooth muscle contraction.

Back 38

beta 2

Front 39

____ and ____ are neuropeptides that bind to opiate receptors.

Back 39

enkephalin, endorphins