Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What nerves are involved in looking to the side?
|
CN III and VI
|
|
|
What are acoustic neuromas?
|
• tumors that are found in the posterior fossa that originate off CN VIII
• patients will initially complain of tinnitus and balance problems |
|
|
What nerve can be injured from a carotid enarterectomy?
|
hypoglossal nerve
|
|
|
What lobe is located in the middle cranial fossa?
|
temporal lobe
|
|
|
What structures are located in the tectum?
|
• superior colliculi: involved in visual processing and control of eye movements
• inferior colliculi: involved in auditory processing * collectively called quadrigeminal plate |
|
|
What are Chiari malformations?
|
• congenital abnormalities of the posterior fossa
• characterized by extension of cerebellar tissue (the tonsils) through the foremen magnum |
|
|
What is the anterior & posterior complex?
|
• anterior complex: the interal carotid artery that bifurcates into the middle cerebral artery and the anterior cerebral artery
• posterior complex: the vertebral artery » basilar artery » posterior cerebral arteries |
|
|
What is the most common area of aneurysms?
|
anterior communicating artery
|
|
|
What are the perforating arteries and what are their functions?
|
endarteries that perfuse the basal ganglia and brainstem (areas that are not perfused by the major vessels)
|
|
|
What is the blood-brain barrier made of?
|
astrocytes and tightly joined endothelial cells
|
|
|
What muscles are found in the neck, from superficial to deep?
|
• platsyma
• SCM • scalenes |
|
|
How can you distinguish between the internal and external carotid on an angiogram?
|
• internal carotid has no branches in the neck
• external carotid has branches (ex. superficlal temporal artery) |
|
|
What nerve lies above and below C7?
|
• C7 above
• C8 below |
|
|
What is a pre-fixed plexus? a post-plexus?
|
• textbook brachial plexus is from C5-T1
• prefixed: C4-C8 • postfixed: C6-T2 |
|
|
At what level cervical spine do the spinous process become bifid?
|
C5
|
|
|
What factors cause increased stability of the thoracic spine?
|
• sagittal alignment of the facets
• rib cage adds stability |
|
|
What is spondylolisthesis and how is it treated surgically?
|
• occurs when one vertebra slips forward in relation to an adjacent vertebra, usually in the lumbar spine
• surg TX: pedical screw fusion |
|
|
What is the most common congenital/pediatric disorder seen in neurosurgery?
|
hydrocephalus
|
|
|
Name and describe the 2 types of hydrocephalus
|
• obstructive: occurs when obstruction in the ventricular system prevents CSF from reaching the arachnoid villi
• non-obstructive or communicating: results from impaired reabsorption of CSF from the aracnoid villi into the venous system |
|
|
What are some medical treatments of hydrocephalus?
|
• Acetazolamide (Diamox): a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that will decrease production of CSF
• mannitol • steroids |
|
|
What are interventional treatments for hydrocephalus?
|
• VP shunts (ventriculo-peritoneum)
• VA shunts (ventriculo-atrium) * also can go to bladder and gallbladder |
|
|
If a patient is having problems with a shunt, how can you tell if the problem is in the proximal or distal part?
|
• if you are unable to push the shunt in, the problem is in the distal part
• if the shunt does not come back when released, the problem is in the proximal part |
|
|
What is myelomeningocele?
|
when an unfused portion of the spinal cord protrudes through an opening in the overlying vertebrae
|
|
|
What is tethered spinal cord syndrome?
|
• when the spinal cord is bound to the skin ectoderm causing the spinal cord to become stretched and ischemic
• presents with orthopedic, urologic, and back pain problems • occurs with myelomeningocele |
|
|
What is Chiari I malformation?
|
tonsillar displacement greater than 5 mm through the foramen magnum
|
|
|
What is a Klipplefile abnormality?
|
fusion of two vertebrae
|
|
|
Which type of head injury produces biconvex, lens-shaped hematomas that do not cross suture lines?
|
epidural hematoma
|
|
|
Which type of head injury produces a cresent-shaped hematoma on CT and does cross suture lines?
|
subdural hematoma
|
|
|
What are two ways to monitor intracranial pressure?
|
• ventriculostomy
• parenchymal intracranial pressure monitor |
|
|
How can you differentiate between acute and old blood on a CT scan?
|
• acute blood appears white
• old blood appears dark |
|
|
Why would you choose to do either a burr hole or a craniotomy to treat a subdural hematoma?
|
• for acute hematoma, the blood has a thicker consistency; therefore, treat with a craniotomy
• for chronic hematoma, the blood has a liquid consistency and can be evacuated with a Burr hole |
|
|
When do you have to surgically repair a depressed skull fracture?
|
• when the depression is deeper than the thickness of the skull
• patients with depression fractures can have a high incidence of seizures if left untreated |
|
|
What is the standard of care of spinal trauma?
|
• high dose steroids to stop secondary injury
• Methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg (given less than 8 hours within injury) |
|
|
What are the Nexus C-spine rules?
|
Plain film radiography of the traumatized portion of the spine is required when the following are present:
• midline pain or bony tenderness, crepitus, or step-off • neurologic deficit (including complaints of paresthesia or numbness) • presence of distracting injuries • altered mental status (including intoxication) |
|
|
True/False: A lateral c-spine xray needs to visualize all the cervical vertebrae
|
• lateral c-spine needs to visualize C1-T1
• The correct answer is: False |
|
|
What is a test that can be done to distinguish CSF from mucus?
|
beta 2 transferrin
|
|
|
What is a diffuse axonal injury?
|
• also known as shear injury or brain stem contusion
• high acceleration/deceleration injury with shock waves and momentary tissue distortion causing microscopic tearing of nerve fibers • radiographically consists of small petechial hemorrhages in white matter tracts |
|
|
Why should you not use only antibiotics to treat brain abscess?
|
• the abscess can be encapsulated which would prevent the antibiotic from penetrating the abscess
• abscess needs to be drain |
|
|
What are 6 things that you look for when examining CSF?
|
• cell count
• culture • gram-stain • glucose • protein • sensitivity |
|
|
Herpes simplex encephalitis typically affects which lobe?
|
temporal lobe
|
|
|
What is the most common parasite infecting the brain?
|
cystosarcosis
|
|
|
What are brain mass lesions are AIDS patients more susceptible due to immunosuppresion?
|
• toxoplasma
• cryptococcus • gliomas |
|
|
What area of the brain is affected by leukoencephalopathy?
|
white matter
|
