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210 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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neural control room of the body in the CNS
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brain
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a clear, watery tissue fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord, providing even pressure and acting as a cushion by absorbing external force or trauma
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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a conduit of motor and sensory impulses sent from and to the brain, it extends from the brainstem tot he first lumbar vertebrae, where it tapers into the cauda equina, ending in the coccygeal nerve
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spinal cord
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PNS
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peripheral nervous system
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CNS
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central nervous system
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contains 12 cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves connected tot he spinal cord, ANS, and SNS
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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"horse tail" This is the lower end of the spinal cord in an adult.
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cauda equina
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forms the front of the skull
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frontal bone
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span of bone between the frontal and occipital bones on either hemisphere
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parietal bone pair
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cup like bone at the posterior juncture of the cranium and the vertebral column
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occipital bone
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span of bone on either side of the skull that contain recesses for the ears
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temporal bone pair
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anterior to the temporal bone at the base of the skull
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sphenoid bone
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a light, spongy bone, it forms most of the nasal cavity and ocular orbit
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ethmoid bone
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a membranous inner covering
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meninges
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Whitish, filmy outer membrane. This tough, fibrous meningeal layer covers the brain and spinal cord.
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dura mater in epidural space
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a think, elastic membranous layer in the subdural space
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arachnoid mater
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covers the entire surface of the brain and follows its folds in subarachnoid space where the CSF flows. This rich, vascular network also forms the choroid plexus of the ventricles, containing blood vessels that connect to the major arteries of the brain
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pia mater
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large anterior brain, divided into tow hemispheres joined at the bottom. Each hemisphere relays messages as signals or impulses to the opposite side of the body
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cerebrum
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contains the corpus callosum, which joins the bottom of both the brain hemispheres, delivering messages from one side to the other and back; provides autonomic responses. Contains the limbic system
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diencephalon
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smaller posterior brain located at its base. Each side of the cerebellum relays messages tot he same side of the body
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cerebellum
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structure within the cerebellum that supports the cerebrum and serves to relay messages between the body and the brain and among the various parts of the cerebral cortex; regulates breathing and the heart
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brain stem
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divisions of the cerebrum
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lobes
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contains the premotor and primary motor cortexes that produce body movementes, as well as the prefrontal cortex that contributes to personality, temperament, memory and intelligence. The seat of language production, Broca's area, is also found here. The central fissure of Rolondo separates the frontal lobe from the other lobes
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frontal
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contains the visual cortex, which affects vision, the left side attaching tot he right eye and the right side, the left eye
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occipital
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contains the auditory cortex, which affects hearing and the interpretation of sounds. It also contributes to emotion, memory, and language comprehension in Wernicke's area
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temporal
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The last lobe to develop, it is sensory lobe. Simultaneously interprets signals from other lobes, linking htem together and interpreting them with memory cues. Thus, somatic senses such as seeing, hearing, touching, and smelling converge and meaning is attached to the combined information
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parietal
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buried deep within the lateral fissure of the brain, this lobe manages taste
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central
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contains the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus and thalmus and influences emotional responses and memory.
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limbic system
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provides body balance, coordination, and muscle bone
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cerebellum
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a cleft or groove on the surface of the brain,longitudinal, central and lateral fissures
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fissure
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a fold in the brain
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fossa
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a bulge on the brain
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gyrus
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a smaller groove or furrow
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sulcus
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gray matter
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cerebral cortex
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composed of three basal ganglia associated with the thalamus for fine, involuntary motor control
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corpus callosum
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An important supervisory center in the brain controlling body temperature, blood pressure, heartbeat, and the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates,and sugar levels in the blood. Through direct attachment tot he pituitary gland the hypothalmus also controls water balance and milk production
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hypothalamus
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cavities at the very center of the brain that are connected to each other by a series of holes (foramen) and tubes
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ventricles
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large, horn-like cavities located in the center of the cerebral hemispheres and linked to the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro. The primary production of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, which extend form the pia mater into the lateral ventricles
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first and second (lateral) ventricles
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a thin cavity at the very center ofthe cerebral brain between the thalmus and hypothalamus and linked to the fourth ventricle by a long tube called the aqueduct of Sylvius
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third ventricle
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a tiny, diamond-shaped cavity located in the cerebellum connected on one end to the aqueduct and on the other end to the central canal of the spinal cord. Attached to the brain stem
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fourth ventricle
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each lateral ventricle possesses three horns
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horns
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anterior portion of lateral ventricle that extends into the frontal lobe
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frontal horn
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posterior portion of lateral ventricle that extends into the occipital lobe
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occipital horn
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inferior portion of lateral ventricle that extends into the temporal lobe
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temporal horn
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capillaries that connect to each of the ventricles. They produce CSF by separating fluid from the blood in the subarachnoid space and circulating it through the ventricles, central spinal canal and subarachnoid spaces, where it is reabsorbed by the blood. Then, the process begins again. Continuous circulation of CSF is critical for brain and spinal cord health
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choroid plexuses
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CSF pressure averages between.....
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70-200 mm water
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CSF pH ranges from.......
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7.35-7.40
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culture is........
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negative
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an arterial circle at the base of the brain where major arteries converge
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Circle of Willis (CoW)
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supply most of the frontal, partietal and temporal lobes by anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries
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cerebral arteries (anterior, middle, and posterior)
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Become arterial cerebral arteries once they enter the CoW and supply most of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes and other tissues within the skull. Connect with posterior communicating arteries
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internal carotid arteries
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anterior and posterior communicating arteries connect cerebral arteries in the CoW
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communicating arteries
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Drains the brain. Proceeds from small capillaries to venules to large veins. Superficial veins drain the dural spaces and the interor hemispheres into various deep dural sinuses and the deep cerebral veins,. Emissary veins connect the superficla and deep cerebral veins, emptying into the superior sagittal sinus. There are external cortical veins that drain the pia mater, forming large cerebral veins. These deep cerebral veins empty into the Great Vein of Galen and the inferior sagittal sinus
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venous system
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flexible, elastic bands that connect bones
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ligaments
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connects spinous processes where they meet form the C7 to the sacrum
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supraspinal ligament
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connects spinous processes where they meet, also connecting the supraspinal ligaments dorsally and ligamenta flava ventrally
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interspinal ligament
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yellow, slightly elastic band connects adjoining vertebrae, aiding in keeping the body upright
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ligamentum flavum
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connects each costotransverse rib to its adjacent vertebrae
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middle costotransverse ligament
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serves to provide corporeal structural support and posture and also serves to protect the spinal cord
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spinal column
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contains the cord, cerebrospinal fluid, spinal subarachnoid space, the meninges, adipose tissue and blood vessels
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spinal canal (spinal or vertebral foramen)
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a conduit of motor sensory impulses sent from and to the brain. In the adult, it extends from the brainstem to the first lumbar vertebrae, where it tapers into the cauda equina, ending in the coccygeal nerve. It is surrounded by CSF and the meninges and encased within the spinal canal of the vertebral column
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spinal cord
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one of the bony or cartilaginous segments of the vertebral or spinal column
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vertebrae
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largest part of the vertebra, cylindrical in shape and composed of cancellous bone covered by compact bone. Its upper and lower surfaces act as a rim around the disc circumference, flattened and rough where the intervetbral fibrocartilages or discs are attached. Its anterior surface presents a few small openings for the passage of nutrient vessels while on the posterior surfaces a single large, irregular opening allows the exit of the basil-vertebral veins
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vertebral body
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form the intervetebral foramen as thick projections or processes form the upper part of the vertebral body on each side
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pedicle
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extend off each pedicle as a stabilizing influence
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transverse process
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consists of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes; four articular, tow transverse, and one spinous
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vertebral (neural) arch
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extends off the posterior of each vertebral body. It can be palpated in all but the obese
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spinous (vertebral) process
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a fibrocartilaginous elastic oval cushion containing a gelatinous center. This separates one vertebral body from another
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intervertebral disc (nucleus pulposus)
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uppermost seven segments of the vertebral column; C1 to C7
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cervical region
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C1
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atlas bone
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C2
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axis bone
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upper back section of the vertebral column; T1 to T12 segments
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thoracic region
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lower back section of the vertebral column; L1 to S5 and coccygeal region
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lumbopelvic region
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lower back section of the vertebral column; L1 to L5 segments
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lumbar region
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five segments that fuse in the adult to form the sacrum
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sacral region
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four segments that fuse in the adult to form the coccyx or tailbone
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coccygeal region
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consists of 4 pairs of cervical nerves from C1 to C4 managing the head, ear, neck, upper chest, diaphragm (phrenic), shoulders and arms (axillary)
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cervical plexus
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consists of 4 pairs of nerves from C5 to C8 and T1, including the musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, and radial nerves for arm, forearm, and hand
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brachial plexus
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consists of 5 pairs of abdominal, thigh, genital, femoral, or leg nerves
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lumbar plexus
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consists of 5 pairs of sciatic, bowel, bladder, leg, foot and sexual function nerves
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sacral plexus
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1 pair of coccygea spinal nerves
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coccygeal plexus
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a congenital vascular tumor (angioma)
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arteriovenous malformations (AVM)
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a congenital meningeal protrusion or herniation through the spinal column or skull opening
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meningocele
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a rare hereditary disease the involves the growth of lesions that may affect the spinal cord
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neurofibromatosis
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a congenital defect of the spinal canal wall caused by lack of union between the vertebral lamina
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spina bifida
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a paralysis of a lower facial motor nerve caused by acoustic neuromas, fracture at the base of the skull, mastoid infection or peri-parotid trauma.
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Bell's palsy
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premature ossification of the skull sutures or sutural fusion
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craniosynostosis
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an acute infection causes inflammation in parts of the peripheral nervous system.
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Guillain-Barre syndrome
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this slow, degenerative condition of the thalamus or corpus callosum causes symptoms of involuntary skeletal tremor and weakness, often resulting in a shuffling gait
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Parkinson's disease
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abnormal curvature of the spine
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scoliosis
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a degenerative disease of the spinal column
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spondylosis
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condition of unknown origin caused by dysfunciton of 5th cranial nerve or trigeminal facial nerve. It is characterized by recurrent or chronic attacks of excruciating, cutting, burning, and painful twitch when the face, nose, nasal mucosa, lips or teeth are stimulated
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trigeminal neuralgia
(tic douloureux) |
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neural sheath tumor of the vestibular portion of the 8th cranial nerve within the auditory meatus. The continued growth of this tumor will fill the cerebellopontine angle and indent the brainstem
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acoustic neuroma
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a slow-growing, highly malignant, primary tumor of the brain. Two-thirds of these tumors occurs in the cerebellum
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astrocytomas
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an abnormal tissue mass formation within the cerebral lobes or any intracranial structure.
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brain tumor
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a highly invasive, malignant and primary tumor of hte neuroglia.
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glioma
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slurred or lost speech, difficulty moving limbs or radical behavioral swings is in which lobe of the brain?
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frontal
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blurred vision or loss of vision occurs in which lobe of the brain?
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occipital
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speech and memory problems, epilepsy occurs in which lobe of the brain?
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temporal
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loss of sensation on opposing body side, little recognition of familiar, limited or inaccurate spatial perception occurs in which lobe of the brain?
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parietal
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a tumor lesion that affects vision
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hemianopia
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tumor lesion of the optic chiasm that destroys temporal vision in each eye. This tumor of the 2nd cranial optic nerve includes primary gliomas of hte nerve, pituitary turmors pressing the optic chiasm or meningiomas of hte sella turcica.
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bi-temporal
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located in the occipital lobe, this tumor creates blindness or distorts half of the visual field in each eye
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homonymous
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tumor mass involving the meninges
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meningiomas
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any tumor arising from a nerve or nerve fiber
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neuroma
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benign or malignant tumor of the pituitary gland causing pressure on the optic chiasm followed by symptoms of vision impairment, hormonal imbalance and acromegaly
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pituitary tumor
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a growth of tissue forming an abnormal mass along the spinal cord.
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spinal cord tumor
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an abnormal, localized dilation of a blood vessel within the brain caused by congenital defect or weakness of the vessel wall
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aneurysms, intracranial
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a localized collection of pus in the intracranial region is generally caused by penetrating wounds, skull fractures or trauma related contamination
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brain abscess
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in a subdural hemorrhage, the cerebral veins may be disrupted because they cross the subdural space.
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brain hemorrhage
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median nerve is compresse,d either by the transverse carpal ligament or displacement of the lunate bone or a volar carpal ganglion
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carpal tunnel syndrome
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an increase in brain fluids, causing swelling
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edema
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an organized blood clot causing swelling or pressure upon any body structure
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hematoma
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a rupture in the fibrocartilage surrounding an intervertebral disc
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herniated disc
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a condition resulting from increased accumulation of CSF in the ventricles causing interference of normal CSF circulation and absorption, requires immediate surgical intervention, often with the placement of a shunt
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hydrocephalus
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x-rays are taken while a radiopaque contrast dye is injected into the femoral artery. The radiographic image maps the blood supply into the vessels of the head, neck, and brain and helps detect narrowing of arteries, aneurysms, vascular malformations, or tumors
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angiography, cerebral
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a computer converts conventional angiography x-rays into digital images, easily viewed and manipulated, subtracting everything from an image except the radiopaque contrast dye
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angiography, digitized
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helps detect herniated disc, a blood clot, certain brain tumors, enlarged brain ventricles, and the smallest bones of the body
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computed tomography scan (CT)
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CT
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computed tomography scan
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using x-ray guidance, intrathecal contrast dye is injected into the spinal sac where the spinal fluid is located just prior to a CT scan.
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CT scan, intrathecal contrast enhanced
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using x-ray guidance, a needle placed into a disc space injects radiopaque contrast dye immediately prior to a CT scan
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discography
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an emergency diagnostic tool used to detect brain tumors, hematomas, swelling, or abscesses using ultrasonic waves
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echoencephalography (ECG)
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ECG
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echoencephalography
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EEG
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electroencephalography
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electrodes attached tot he scalp detect and record brain cell electrical impulses for possible abnormalities in the CNS
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electroencephalography (EEG)
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needle puncture is made into the intervertebral disc space of L3, L4, L5
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lumbar puncture
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depending on the part of the body being examined, a contrast agent is used to enhance the visibility of certain tissues or vessels and enhances information of subsequent MRI
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magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA)
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MRA
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magnetic resonance angiogram
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imaging
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using radio frequency energy and a strong electomagnetic field, detailed images of internal organs and tissues are produced to identify and monitor tumors, inflammatory diseases and infection
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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after a radiopaque contrast dye is injected into the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal, a fluoroscopy scan is used to locate the affected area.
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myelography
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PEG
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pneumoencephalography
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PET
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positron emission tomography scan
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after air is injected by lumbar puncture, x-rays are taken to reveal the outline of the ventricular system and basal cisterns
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pneumoencephalography
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a nuclear imaging technique using small amounts of radioactive isotopes specific to the function or type of metabolism being tested
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positron emission tomography scan
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as with a PET scan, a radio nuclide is injected intravenously and circulates through the blood, forming cross-sections of the body to detect stress fractures, blood flow to tissue, infection such as discitis, spondylosis and tumors
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single photon emission computed tomography scan (SPECT)
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SPECT
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single photon emission computed tomography scan
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after air is introduced through mall burr holes made through the skull, x-rays are taken of the ventricles used to identify brain tumors
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ventriculography
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a mobile fluoroscopic x-ray imaging unit built to accommodate the surgical table and connected to a computerized video screen
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C-arm
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a headlight for the surgeon to use for better vision into deep operative sites
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fiberoptic light source
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glasses developed with high magnification lenses for use when less magnification than the microscope is needed
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surgical loupes
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used for delicate neurosurgical procedures
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microscope
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a special computerized monitor programmed with the patient's specific axes of the lesion for resection
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stealth station
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device placed on an aneurysm to prevent hemorrhage and allow collateral flow
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aneurysm clips
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Mayfield, McFadden, Drake, Yasargil, Sugita, and schwartz
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temporary aneurysm clips
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Heifetz, Sundt-Keys, Olivecrona, Housepian, Scoville, Yasargil, and Sugita
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permanent aneurysm clips
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antibiotic irrigation is often used before wound closure
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bacteriostatic agents
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mechanical hemostatic material rubbed into bleeding burr holes of the skull and edges of cut laminae during discectomy
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bone wax
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silicone cranial base and cap system used to cosmetically cover the burr hole and protect the underlying brain following cranial surgery
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burr hole buttons
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radiopaque, felt-like rectangular sponges used as a mechanical method to control bleeding beneath the skull and around the spinal cord
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cottonoids
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a loose or stringed ball of cotton immersed in saline, lactated ringers or hydrogen peroxide used as a tamponade to control profuse bleeding and improve isolation of bleeding structures
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cotton balls
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used to measure CSF pressure on the brain or cord
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CSF pressure monitor
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flat or round, perforated drains attached to silicone catheters connected to reservoirs for wound drainage
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drains
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power drills have various sized of bits, burrs and perforators available for one time use
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drill bits, burrs, and perforators
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a disposable applier with 15-20 titanium or metal alloy hemostatic clips
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hemoclips
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hemostatic instruments or supplies to minimize blood loss from the vascular scalp, skull, venous sinuses, dura and pia mater
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hemostatic agents
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slows blood flow using Raytec sponges, cottonoids, cotton balls, clips, forceps clamps, monopolar cautery, bipolar cautery, or wax
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mechanical hemostasis
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chemical intervention to control bleeding
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chemical hemostasis
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available in two forms: powder or sheets. The compressed sheet is cut in various sizes according to surgeon preference and placed into the bleeding site
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Avitene
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a semi-opaque sheet of cellulose cut dry and moistened
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gelfilm
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available in two forms: powder or compressed foam. The compressed foam is cut in cottonoid sizes and soaked in topical thrombin
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gelfoam
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available in cotton and gauze forms and placed dry into the bleeding site, then covered with a dry cottonoid
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oxycel
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a rayon-like net of oxidized cellulose in sizes 2x4 and 4x14, sometimes cut, placed dry into the bleeding site and covered with a cottonoid
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surgicel
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available in 10cc and 30 cc vial kits containing a vial of dry thrombin with a separate diluting agent.
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topical thrombin
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a mixture of two chemical agents, calcium choloride and thrombin, or the patient's plasma instead of thrombin when combined form a paste or glue
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hemostatic glue
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a battery operated hand-piece with a needle point at one end and a ground cord and stick pin at the other. the pin is placed in muscle tissue; the point is used ti identify a peripheral nerve by low electro-stimulation once the hand-piece button is pressed
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nerve stimulator
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a radiopaque gauze sponge used during all neurosurgical procedures
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raytec
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temporary 1.5mm ligating clips applied for scalp hemostasis
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scalp clips
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disposable Frazier/Adson-types available in 5 to 15 French lumens
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suction tips
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a valve system used to regulate flow of CSF and control ventricular fluid pressure
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shunts
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sharp thin clips that approximate the skin edges as a substitute for suture; available in small and large disposable hand-held grip units of 35 staples
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skin stapler
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may be used for supratentorial crainotomy, bifrontal and parietal crainotomy, spinal decompression procedures and anterior cervical fusion
(position of patient) |
supine or dorsal recumbent
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sometimes usedfor thoracic and lumbar laminectomies
(position of patient) |
lateral recumbent
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sometimes used for cranial surgeries
(position of patient) |
lateral, three-quarter
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often sued for lumbar, cervical, and throacic laminectomies and sometimes used for posterior fossa crainotomy and suboccipital craniectomies
(position of patient) |
prone
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used for cervical laminectomy, posterior fossa crainotomy, temporal craniotomy and ventriculogram
(position of the patient) |
sitting or upright
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used for infratentorial cranial surgery and sometimes instead of the prone position for the surgeries listed
(patient position) |
beach chair (extreme sitting)
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used for lumbo-sacral laminectomy
(patient position) |
knee-chest
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anterior or posterior approach to cervical segment of spinal column
(type of laminectomy) |
cervical
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anterior or posterior approach to throacic segment of spinal column
(type of laminectomy) |
throacic
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posterior approach to lumbar and lumbosacral segment of spinal column
(type of laminectomy) |
lumbar, lumbosacral
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often curving incision for accessing upper extremity innervation
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upper extremity incisions (ulnar nerve, carpal tunnel)
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a circle opening through the skull bone made with a hand-held or power drill
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burr hole
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procedure where a skull opening larger than the burr hole is drilled in the skull
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craniectomy
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repair of the skull defect using prostetic materials such as metal mesh, methylmethacrylate, hydroxapatite putty, silicone sheeting or donor bone and cartilage
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carinoplasty
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procedure where burr holes are drilled around a prescribed area of the skull, which is then removed
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craniotomy
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specific placement of a frozen probe tip into the brain
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cryosurgery
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used to treat hydrocephalus, using a ventricular tube with a reservoir valve connected to the distal catheter
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shunt operations
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surgeon divides the spinothalamic tract. Also known as the Schwartz technique, thoracic cordotomy, or rhizotomy
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cervical cordotomy
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a new, minimally invasive procedure for spinal compression fractures. The surgeon inserts and inflates a special balloon within fractured vertebrae to create a cavity within the bone
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kyphoplasty
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an operation in which the removal of one or more the vertebral lamina is done to expose the spinal canal
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laminectomy
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two or more spinal vertebrae are permanently joined by bone and/or metal plating
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spinal fusion
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the median nerve is decompressed. Generally, either the lunate bone is removed or the volar carpal ganglion or part of the fibrous sheath roof over the transverse carpal ligament is removed
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carpal tunnel release
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How many cervical vertebrae are there?
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7
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How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
|
12
|
|
|
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
|
5
|
|
|
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
|
5
|
|
|
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
|
1
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve #1
|
olfactory
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve #2
|
optic
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve #3
|
oculomotor
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve #4
|
trochlear
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve #5
|
trigeminal
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve #6
|
abducens
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve #7
|
facial
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve #8
|
vestibulocochlear
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve #9
|
glossopharyngeal
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve #10
|
vagus
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve #11
|
accessory
|
|
|
Cranial Nerve #12
|
hypoglossal
|
