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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acute pyogenic meningitis is usually caused by _
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Bacteria
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Aseptic meningitis is usually caused by _
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Viruses
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Chronic meningitis is usually caused by _
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TB, spirochetes, cryptococcus
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Which organism causes acute meningitis among young adults and adolescents
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N. meningitidis
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Spinal tab yields _ in acute meningitis
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- Cloudy or frankly purulent CSF
- Increased pressure - Increased neutrophils - Increased CSF protein concentration - Markedly decreased glucose concentration |
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Waterhouse- Friedrichsen syndrome results from _
How does it present? Its common with what types of meningitis? |
- Meningitis associated septicemia
- Cutaneous petechiae + hemorrhagic infarctions of adrenal glands - Meningococcal and Pneumococcal meningitis |
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In aseptic meningitis there is absence of _
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Any recognizable organisms
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Spinal tab yields _ in aseptic meningitis
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- CSF glucose near normal
- Protein only moderately elevated - Increased lymphocytes |
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Name organism often responsible for aseptic meningitis
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- ENTEROVIRUS - polio, coxsackie, echovirus
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Which drugs can cause " drug induced aseptic meningitis"
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NSAIDS and antibiotics
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Spinal tab will show _ in aseptic drug induced meningitis
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- CSF is sterile
- Increased neutrophils - Glucose normal - Increased CSF protein |
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Which type of necrosis occurs in the brain
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LIQUEFACTIVE
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Which organisms cause chronic bacterial meningoencephalitis ?
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TB
Lyme disease Neurosyphillis |
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Which intrauterine infection can cause congenital malformations and viral meningoencephalitis
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RUBELLA
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HSV I infection of the brain occurs most often in _
Most common signs and symptoms are _ Most often begins in _ |
Children and young adults
Mood and memory changes Temporal lobe ( and orbital gyri of frontal lobes) |
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Rabies virus enters CNS in _ fashion
Signs and symptoms? |
Ascending
S&S - extraordinary excitability where light touch causes pain - seizures, contraction of pharyngeal muscles on swallowing - foaming at the mouth, aversion to swallowing (hydrophobia) - death from respiratory center failure |
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PML progressive viral encephalitis is caused by _
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JC polyomavirus - immunocompromised individuals
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Transmissible spongiform encephalitis is called _
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Creutzfeld Jacob disease
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Primary objectives of general anesthesia
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- Unconsciousness
- Analgesia - Amnesia - Skeletal muscle relaxation - Loss of reflexes |
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Stages of anesthesia
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I - ANALGESIA - inhibit pain transmission at spinothalamic tract
II - EXCITEMENT - blockade of brain inhibitory pathways - patient appear delirious, amnesic, with irregular respiration - possible retching, vomitting, incontinence III - SURGICAL ANESTHESIA - regular respiration restored, skeletal muscles relax, pupils become fixed IV - Medullary Depression - death occurs |
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Thiopental IV circumvents which stage of anesthesia ?
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Stage II
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Inhalation anesthetics are used primarily for _
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Maintenance anesthesia after induction with IV agent
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Name inhalation anesthetics
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Halothane
Isoflurane Desflurane Sevoflurane Methoxylflurane |
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Depth of anesthesia determined by _
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Concentration of anesthetic drug in CNS
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Rate of induction of anesthesia determined by _
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Uptake and distribution of anesthetic drug
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Replacing normal lung gases with anesthetic mixture - once partial pressure builds within lungs, anesthetic uptake from lungs begins - this is called _
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Alveolar wash in
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Solubility of anesthetic in blood is determined by _
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Blood gas partition coefficient
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N2O has low or high blood solubility?
Induction - rapid or slow? |
LOW
RAPID induction |
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Halothane has low or high blood solubility?
Induction - rapid or slow? |
HIGH solubility
SLOW induction and recovery |
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Lowest perfused tissue is _
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Fat - also bone, cartilage and ligaments
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