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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Polio virus inhabits which neurons and which horn?
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Lower motor neurons, ventral horn
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What are the signs of involvement of ventral horn cells?
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1.flaccid paralysis
2.muscle atrophy 3.fasciculations areflexia (absence of reflexes) |
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What are the two neurons involved in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
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both upper and lower motor neurons are affected.
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Which descending tract is involved in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
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lateral corticospinal tract
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What are the three tracts involved in the subacute combined degeneration?
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1.dorsal columns
corticospinal tracts |
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Deficiency of what causes the subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord?
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Vitamin B12 deficiency
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What are the two etiological factors of subacute combined degeneration?
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It results in the ipsilateral loss of three sensations (conscious proprioception, vibration and two point discrimination) and ipsilateral spastic paralysis
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Where is the pathology in the syringomyelia?
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It is due to the pathological increase in the size of the central canal of the spinal cord especially the cervical central canal.
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What are the fibers that are transected by the expanding syringomyelia?
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It steadily bisects the crossing pain and temperature fibers of both sides as the cavity size increases. Therefore it results in the bilateral loss of pain and temperature at the level of lesion. When cervical segments are involved, it results in the cape like (Shawl like)distribution of loss of sensation of pain and temperature over the shoulders and neck of both sides.
As disease progresses, it may involve lower motor neurons. |
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What happens if three successive dorsal roots are cut?
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Perceptible loss of sensation in a dermatome
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Which system is defective in peripheral neuropathy?
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Axonal transport
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Do you see any defect in the conduction of electrical signals in peripheral neuropathy? If not why there is no defect in the conduction of electrical signals?
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No because myelin is intact but axon is degenerating
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What is another name for peripheral neuropathy?
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Dying back neuropathy
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What are the signs of peripheral neuropathy in a diabetic patient?
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Impaired cutaneous sensation of hands and feet
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What is the period of spinal shock and which transmitter is responsible for this?
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6 weeks. During this period all reflexes are absent below the level of lesion. This is perhaps due to the extensive Glycine production which inhibits all activity.
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Name two situations when Babinski’s sign is positive?
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Spinal shock, motor neuron lesion
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When the Babinski’s sign is positive, what happens to the toes when the lateral border of the sole of the foot is scratched?
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Spreadsies like an eagle
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Give the spinal cord segments for the following to be either paralyzed or lose their reflexes:
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C3-C5 Diaphragm
C5 Biceps reflex lost C7 Triceps reflex lost C8 Interossei of hand L2-L4 Knee jerk L5 Long extensors of great toe S1 Ankle jerk |
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Give the sensory levels of the lesions at the following sites
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C4 Clavicle
C7 Middle finger C8 little finger T4 Nipple T10 Umbilicus L1 Inguinal ligament L3 Front of thigh L5 Great toe S1 lateral aspect of foot S3-5 Perineum |
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What area the three roots which carry the ascending sensation of fullness of the bladder?
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Dorsal S2-S4
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Which sympathetic segments supply the urinary bladder?
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T11-L1
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Which parasympathetic segments supply the urinary bladder?
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S2-S4
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What are the signs of involvement of micturition center in the frontal lobe?
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Urinary flow is not under voluntary control and it resembles the infant way of micturition. MC pee pants.
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What are the clinical conditions which may involve the micturition center of the frontal lobe?
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Hydrocephalus, parasagittal meningioma and in some neurodegenerative disorders
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What are the signs when the connection between the pontine micturition center and sacral parasympathetic segments is severed?
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Therefore it results in flaccid and acontractile bladder
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what are the causes of the spastic bladder?
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1.spinal cord trauma
2.tumors of spinal cord 3.transverse myelitis multiple sclerosis |
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What type of bladder results when the sacral parasympathetic neurons are affected?
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flaccid areflexic bladder
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Why there is constipation in acute spinal cord lesions?
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loss of parasympathetic outflow.
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Which system mainly helps in the erection?
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Parasympathetic. mainly contributed by the nitrous oxide which helps the vasodilatation.
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Which neurotransmitter is important in erection?
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Nitrous oxide
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What happens when there is an injury to the pelvic splachnic nerves during the operation of prostate?
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impotence
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Which receptor is sensitive to touch velocity?
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Meissner’s corpuscles
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Which receptors help to read the Braille in blind?
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Meissner’s corpuscles
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Which receptors are sensitive to touch intensity? And are they rapidly adopting or slowly adopting?
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Merkel discs, slow adopting
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Which sensation is perceived by the pacinnian corpuscles?
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Vibration,
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Which receptors are sensitive to stretching?
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Ruffinis
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Name all the biochemicals that are released following an injury?
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1.potassium ions released from ruptured cells
2.bradykinin 3.histamin 4.prostaglandins 5.protons of damaged tissue 6.arachidonic acid |
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Which fibers carry the first pain and what is their speed?
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Aδ fibers conduct the impulses at a speed of 20m/s.
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Which fibers carry the second pain and what is their speed?
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C fibers conduct the impulses at a speed of 2m/s.
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What are the two stimulants that can open the vanilloid receptors?
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both heat and capsaicin
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What is the mechanism of analegesia of capscacin?
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capsaicin desensitize the pain fibers and prevent neuromodulators such as substance P, VIP, and somatostatin from being released by peripheral and central nerve terminals
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How histamine is released at the site of injury?
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Released from mast cells
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What is the mechanism of action of Ibuprofen as analgesic?
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Aspirin and ibuprofen are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). They act by inhibiting cyclooxygenase(COX), an enzyme important for the synthesis of prostaglandins.
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Which receptors are “winded up” in the central sensitization?
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Dorsal horn cells
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Which is the main neurotransmitter of the nociceptive afferents?
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Glutamate
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Removal of block of which ions results in the central sensitization?
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Magnesium
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Which cells are responsible for the production cytokines which produce the cyclooxygenase?
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microglia
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Which enzyme is responsible for the production of prostaglandins?
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Cox
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