Neuroscience V

Front 1

What is the other term for serotonin?

Back 1

5HT

Front 2

Where are they concentrated in the brainstem?

Back 2

raphe nuclei of reticular formation of the brainstem

Front 3

From which amino acid the serotonin is derived?

Back 3

tryptophan.

Front 4

Name the drug which is SSRI and prevents the reuptake of serotonin?

Back 4

Fluoxetine aka prozac

Front 5

Which one of the 5HT receptors is ionotropic?

Back 5

5HT3 which is ionotropic and excitatory in CNS

Front 6

Which drug is used to relieve migraine headache and which receptor is blocked by this drug?

Back 6

Sumatriptan 5HT1D

Front 7

What are the food products rich in tryptophan?

Back 7

Carbohydrates

Front 8

What happens when there is dietary deficiency of tryptophan?

Back 8

mood disturbances (depression, irritability) and insomnia.

Front 9

What are the amino acids which compete with tryptophan for entry through the blood brain barrier?

Back 9

Tyrosine, phenylalanine, leucine

Front 10

Why extreme carbohydrate deprivation may result in depression?

Back 10

Not enough tryptophan to make 5HT

Front 11

Which helps the tryptophan to overcome the competition of other amino acids?

Back 11

Insulin released lowers other AAs

Front 12

Which one is the excitatory neurotransmitter?

Back 12

Glutamate

Front 13

Name two important types of glutamate receptors?

Back 13

AMPA, NMDA

Front 14

What are the two ions which are allowed to pass through AMPA channels?

Back 14

Na+ and K+ ions

Front 15

What are the ions which are allowed to pass through the NMDA channels?

Back 15

Ca2+, Na+

Front 16

Entry of which ion is responsible for the excitotoxicity?

Back 16

Calcium

Front 17

Which ions block the pore of the NMDA channel during the normal negative resting membrane potential?

Back 17

Mg2+

Front 18

When the magnesium ions pop out?

Back 18

When the membrane is depolarized

Front 19

The depolarization for the popping out is produced by which channel?

Back 19

Adjoining AMPA channel

Front 20

GABA is derived from which amino acid?

Back 20

Glutamate

Front 21

What is GAba and what is converted into what by GAba?

Back 21

inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain GABA is derived from glutamate

Front 22

What are the two receptors of GABA?

Back 22

GABAa and GABAb

Front 23

What type of receptor is GABAa?

Back 23

Ionotropic

Front 24

What ions are allowed to pass through GABAa channel when it is open?

Back 24

Chloride

Front 25

What are the drugs that are agonists of GABAa channel?

Back 25

Benzodiazepines
Barbiturates
Ethanol

Front 26

What is the difference of action of Benzodiazepine and barbiturates?

Back 26

Benzodiapzepines increase the frequency of channel openings
Bariburates increase the duration of opening of this channel

Front 27

What type of receptors is the GABAb?

Back 27

Metabotropic

Front 28

Which ionic channels open when GABAb is stimulated?

Back 28

Potassium

Front 29

What happens if there is overactivity of GABA?

Back 29

Coma

Front 30

What happens if there is underactivitiy of GABA?

Back 30

Seizure

Front 31

Which ions are allowed to pass through the Glycine receptors?

Back 31

Chloride

Front 32

Which toxin selectively prevents the Glycine containing vesicles from docking?

Back 32

Tetanus

Front 33

Name one Glycine receptor antagonist?

Back 33

Strychnine

Front 34

What are the clinical symptoms of strychnine poisoning?

Back 34

xcess motor activity, muscle spasm and potential respiratory failure and death.

Front 35

In hyperekplexia or startle disease, which receptors are mutated?

Back 35

Glycine

Front 36

Which receptors are blocked by caffeine?

Back 36

Caffeine blocks the adenosine receptors and keeps the individual awake

Front 37

Name one drug which is purinergic receptor antagonist?

Back 37

Theophylline is also a Purinergic receptor antagonist. Theophylline relaxes airway smooth muscle and is used as a bronchodilator.

Front 38

What is the action of nitric oxide on blood vessels?

Back 38

It is vasodilator

Front 39

Where nitric oxide is is generally released?

Back 39

It is released by the endothelium of the blood vessels

Front 40

What is the action of nitroglycerine?

Back 40

Nitroglycerine releases nitric oxide (NO) which increases cardiac blood flow by coronary vasodilatation.

Front 41

What is the action of sildenafil (Viagra) on smooth muscle of the blood vessel?

Back 41

Viagra is a trade name and the name of the drug is sildenafil. It inhibits phosphodiesterase V. This is an enzyme that breaks down cyclic GMP. This in turn helps the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum to relax and thereby continued erection

Front 42

Where the histaminergic neurons are located in the brain?

Back 42

Histaminergic neurons are mainly localized in the tuberomamillary nucleus of hypothalamus

Front 43

What are the three types of Histamine receptors?

Back 43

hey are H1, H2 and H3
They are all metabotropic and G-protein mediated

Front 44

To treat motion sickness which receptors are blocked?

Back 44

H1 receptors control vestibular function and therefore H1 receptor antagonists are used to prevent motion sickness

Front 45

To treat peptic ulcer which drug is used?

Back 45

H2 receptors control the secretion of gastric acid in the digestive system and therefore H2 receptor antagonists are used to treat peptic ulcers (ranitidine)

Front 46

Name changes in the axon distal to the injury in the Wallerian degeneration?

Back 46

1.degeneration of axon
2.migration of monocytes from the blood to the degenerated axon
3.Monocytes act as phagocytes and phagocytose the degenerated substrates of axon
Schwann cells are still present within the connective tissue tube

Front 47

What are the two changes in the cell body during Wallerian degeneration?

Back 47

Disappearance of Nissl granules (chromatolysis)
Eccentrically placed nucleus

Front 48

What is the difference in the regeneration in the CNS and the regeneration in the PNS?

Back 48

It takes 6 months for the regeneration in CNS, even then it is not complete and satisfactory
It takes 6 days for the regeneration in PNS and in many cases it is satisfactory

Front 49

Which cells prevent the regeneration in the CNS?

Back 49

growth of processes of astrocytes. They form a glial scar and block the growth of neurons. Oligodendrocytes also prevent the growth by their inhibiting factors.

Front 50

List four events that take place in the regeneration of a peripheral axon?

Back 50

1.axonal sprout enters the distal stump ; axonal sprout due to actin filaments.
2.There is a dilated growth cone at the distal end and it extends along Schwann cells
3.axonal sprout stimulates the Schwann cells to divide and form myelin
Regeneration is complete but myelin segments, Nodes of Ranvier are smaller

Front 51

If there is death of dorsal root ganglia neurons, certain neurons in the sensory cortex also die, what type of degeneration is it?

Back 51

orthograde transneuronal atrophy.

Front 52

Where the adult spinal cord terminates?

Back 52

lower border of L1 vertebra

Front 53

Where the spinal cord of new born terminates?

Back 53

evel of lower border of L3 vertebra

Front 54

At which level the spinal cord lies at the third week of intrauterine life?

Back 54

it is at the level of coccyx

Front 55

How many cervical nerves and cervical vertebrae are there?

Back 55

8 Cervical nerves and 7 Cervical vertebrae

Front 56

How many spinal segments are there?

Back 56

31

Front 57

Which number you are supposed to add to the cervical spine to get the cervical spinal segment?

Back 57

1

Front 58

Which number you are supposed to add to the upper thoracic spine to get the thoracic spinal segment?

Back 58

2

Front 59

Which number you are supposed to add to the lower thoracic spine to get the corresponding spinal segment?

Back 59

3

Front 60

Which spinal segments are crowded at the level of L1 vertebra?

Back 60

all sacral and coccygeal segments