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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The upper motor neurons can receive information from what sources? |
Cerebellum
Basal Ganglion Premotor cortex |
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Where can you find upper motor neurons?
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In the brainstem and cortex
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What region will control the skeletal muscles of the body?
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Ventral horn of the spinal cord
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What is a key function of the cingulate gyrus?
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Expression of emotion (via facial expressions) |
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What is the function of the premotor and motor cortex?
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Planning, initiating and directing series of movements in the limbs and eyes |
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Where are the upper motor nuclei in the brainstem?
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Vestibular |
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What is the function of the upper motor neurons of the brainstem?
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regulate muscle tone |
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What are (3) muscle feedback loops?
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Muscle spindle |
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What does the muscle spindle do?
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controls the length of the muscle |
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What does the golgi tendon reflex do? |
controls the muscle tension
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What does the flexion reflex do? |
moves you in the event of unpleasant stimulus
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Where are the golgi tendons located? |
Between the muscle fibers and the tendon
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What stimulus activates the golgi tendon?
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tension
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what is a faster reflex, spindle or golgi tendon?
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Spindle (Ia is fast, Ib is slow)
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What afferents are activated by passive muscle stretch? |
Spindle
Golgi tendon |
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Muscle contraction cause what changes in reflex efferents?
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Decrease in spindle efferents
Increase in golgi tendons efferents |
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If tension becomes too great, which feedback mechanism protects the muscle? How?
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Golgi tendon
Releases tension |
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What reflex pathway is active when you step on a tack? Describe it.
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Flexion reflex
Flexion muscle on ipsilateral side is activated and extensor is inhibited. Opposite on the contralateral side. Reflex allows you to maintain posture. |
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Why can the extensors and flexors of a cat walk correctly on a treadmill when the spinal cord is transected?
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The spinal cord is about to organize and generate sequential movements without cortical input
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Describe possible symptomology of a lower motor neuron syndrome.
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Paralysis
Paresis (weakness) Arefexia Loss of tone Atrophy Fibrillation (twitching) Fasiculation (twitching due to damaged alpha motor neuron) |
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The vestibular nucleus will project into which regions of the spinal cord?
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Lateral and medial
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What is the principle function of the vestibular nucleus?
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control of axial and proximal limb muscles in posture and balance
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What nucleus controls vestibulo-ocular eye movements while the head in moving?
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Vestibular nucleus |
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What is the function of the colliculospinal tract? |
To orient the head, coordinate saccades, aid in somatosomatic reflex |
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The vestibular, reticular, and superior colliculus will primarily project to... |
the medial spinal cord to control axial and proximal limb movements
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The reticular formation will receive input from...
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Primary motor cortex via the VCST |
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The superior colliculus will receive input from...
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upper body proprioceptors, retina, auditory, olfactory, and frontal eye field.
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What is the output tract for the superior colliculus?
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Colliculus spinal tract
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What is the output tract for the reticular formation?
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Reticulospinal tract
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What is the output tract for the vestibular nucleus?
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Vestibulospinal tract
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What tract is responsible for eye movement while the head is moving?
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Vestibulospinal tract
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What tract is responsible for orientation of the head and saccades?
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Colliculospinal tract
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What tract connects the cortex to the brainstem?
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Corticobulbar
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What tract connects the cortex to the spinal cord?
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Corticospinal |
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Indirect pathways to the spinal cord will synapse in which areas of the brainstem?
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Superior colliculus |
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What are the two division of the corticospinal tract?
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Anterior |
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Which component of the corticospinal tract will cross over at the pyramidal decussation?
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Lateral corticospinal tract |
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The lateral corticospinal tract carries information from ... to...
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Motor cortex |
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The lateral corticospinal tract will give branches to the ...
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gracilis and cuneatus dorsal column nuclei
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The anterior corticospinal tract carries information from the ... to the ... |
motor cortex to the neck & upper limbs & axial & proximal muscles |
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Where can the anterior corticospinal tract cross over? |
in the spinal cord |
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The lateral and anterior corticospinal tract will innervate which areas of the cord? |
Lateral does lateral |
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What does corticobulbar mean?
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From the cortex to the cranial nerve nuclei (bulbar=medulla oblongata) |
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Facial upper motor neurons travel on which tract?
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Corticobulbar |
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What tract will carry upper motor neurons for the innervation of the trunk and limbs?
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Corticospinal
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What portion of the premotor cortex is responsible for responses to external cues?
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Lateral
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What is the medial premotor cortex responsible for?
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internally generated movements
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Overactive stretch reflexes is a sign of what type of lesion?
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Upper motor neuron lesion
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A positive Babinski sign is a sign of what type of lesion? |
Upper motor neuron lesion
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What is the difference between lower and upper motor syndrome in respect to muscle tone? |
Upper: spastic, increased tone
Lower: atrophy, decreased tone |
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Slow oxidative (fatigue-resistant) Motor Unit |
More tonic, red, myoglobin, aerobic |
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Fast oxidative Motor Unit |
Pink, moderate supply of blood, aerobic & anaerobic |
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Fast glycolytic (fatigable) Motor Unit |
More phasic, white, anaerobic, primary fuel source is glucose |
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What size motor neurons do slow oxidative "red" motor units go to |
Small |
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What size motor neurons do fast oxidative & glycolytic motor units go to |
Larger motor units for force & movement |
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Which alpha motor neurons innervate slow oxidative fibers |
Smallest diameter alpha motor neurons |
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Which alpha motor neurons innervate fast glycolytic motor units |
Largest diameter alpha motor neurons |
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What is the size principle |
Motor units are recruited according to their size: slow oxidative recruited first, then fast oxidative/glycolytic, then fast glycolytic. |
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Stretch reflex (Myotatic) |
monosynaptic reflex (involved in maintaining muscle tone) |
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How do you test the stretch reflex? |
Tendon tap reflex |
