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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neuraxis defines Rostal and Caudal, Dorsal and Ventral, Anterior and Posterior
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Neuraxis defines Rostal and Caudal, Dorsal and Ventral, Anterior and Posterior
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What is the name of the Right Angle Turn at the Midbrain?
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Mesencephalic Flexure
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What is the Point of Sulci and Gyri? How do they help us?
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Increase Surface and Brain Area. Essentially give us more Brain Area.
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What do you think a Mouse's brain would look like in comparison to ours? Why?
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Smaller, Less Sulci and Gyri. Because they are fucking dumb.
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What is the difference between a Sulcus and Gyrus?
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Sulcus - Groove Inside
Fissure - Deep Sulcus |
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What is White Matter? What is Gray Matter?
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-Myelinated Axons
-Cell Bodies |
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What are the 5 Lobes of the Brain?
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-Frontal
-Parietal -Occipital -Temporal -Limbic |
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What divides the 2 Brain Hemipsheres?
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Longitudinal Fissure
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What does the Central Sulcus Divide?
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Divides the Frontal and Parietal Lobes
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What does the Lateral Sulcus Divide?
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Temporal and Frontal Lobes
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How can you get to the Insular Cortex of the Brain?
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Pry open the Lateral Sulcus
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What Structure will you be able to see if you pry open the Lateral Sulcus?
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The Insular Cortex
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Where is the Limbic Lobe?
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Internal, in the Middle, Basically outlines the CC
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What structures make up the Brain Stem?
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-Midbrain
-Pons -Medulla |
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What is a Coronal Section?
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Ear to Ear Cut, Head to Toe
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What is a Sagittal Section?
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Nose to Back of Head
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What is an Axial Section?
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Ear to Ear Cut, Nose to Back of Head
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What border of the 3rd Ventricle does the Thalamus form?
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Upper Part of the Lateral Wall
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What are the Primary Brain Vesicles (Anterior to Posterior)? What else are they known as?
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-Prosencephalon - Forebrain
-Mesencephalon - Midbrain -Rhombencephalon - Hindbrain |
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What are the Secondary Brain Vesicles (Anterior to Posterior)? Which Primary Vesicle does each one arise from?
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-Telencephalon - Prosencephalon
-Diencephalon - Prosencephalon -Mesencephalon - Mesencephalon -Metencephalon - Rhombencephalon -Mylencephalon - Rhombencephalon |
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Where is CSF Produced?
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Choroid Plexus in the Ventricles
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What Structures form from the Telencephalon?
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-Cerebral Cortex
-Parts of the Basal Ganglia -Hippocampus |
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What Structures form from the Mesencephalon?
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-Midbrain
-Part of the Basal Ganglia |
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What Structures form from the Metencephalon
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-Pons
-Cerebellum |
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What Structures form from the Myelencephalon?
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Medulla Oblongata
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What Structures from from the Diencephalon?
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The Thalami
-Thalamus -Hypothalamus -Subthalamus -Epithalamus |
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Which Secondary Vesicle does the Thalamus form from?
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Diencephalon
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Which Secondary Vesicle does the Hypothalamus form from?
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Diencephalon
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Which Secondary Vesicle does the Pons form from? What else forms from this Vesicle?
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Metencephalon
-Cerebellum -Pons |
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Which Secondary Vesicle does the Medulla Oblongata form from? What else forms from this Vesicle?
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Myelencephalon
-Nothing |
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Which Secondary Vesicle does the Hippocampus form from? What else forms from this Vesicle?
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Telencephalon
-Cerebral Cortex -Parts of the Basal Ganglia -Hippocampus |
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What Shape do the Lateral Ventricles Take?
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C-Shaped
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What Structures form the Forebrain?
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-Cerebrum
-Diencephalon |
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What Structures form the Brainstem?
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Midbrain
Pons Medulla |
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What Structures form the Hindbrain?
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-Brainstem (Midbrain, Pons, Medulla)
-Cerebellum |
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What color do bones show up in an MRI?
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White
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What portion of the Brain controls the Left side of the Body?
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Right side of the Cerebral Cortex?
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What does the Cerebral Cortex allow us to do?
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Sensation, Communication, Memory, Understanding, and Voluntary Movements
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What is the 5th Lobe? What is its Function?
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-Limbic Lobe - Involved in:
-Drives -Emotions -Some Forms of Memory |
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What structure is involved in:
-Drives -Emotions -Some Forms of Memory |
Limbic Lobe
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What are the Different Portions of the Limbic System?
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-Cingulate Gyrus
-Anterior Thalamic Nuclei -Amygdala -Parahippocampal Gyrus -Hippocampus -Mammillary Body -Hypothalamus |
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What is the Amygdala involves in? Where is it located?
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-Anger, Danger, Fear
-Near the End of the Limbic System |
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Where in the Limbic System is Emotion Expressing Located? Where is this in the System?
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-Cingulate Gyrus
-Anterior Portion |
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Which Lobe of the Brain is responsible for:
-Personality -Voluntary Motor Activities |
Frontal Lobe
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Which Lobe of the Brain is responsible for Peripheral Sensations?
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Parietal Lobe
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Which Lobe of the Brain is responsible for sensations of Smell, Taste, and Hearing?
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Temporal Lobe
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Which Lobe is Responsible for Vision?
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Occipital
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What are the names of the Language ares in the Brain? Where are they Located?
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Broca's Area (Frontal) and Wernicke's Area (Temporal/Frontal)
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What is the Frontal Lobe Responsible for?
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Personality
Voluntary Motor Activities |
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What is the Temporal Lobe Responsible for?
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Smell
Taste Hearing |
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What is Motor (Anterior) Aphasia? What are some symptoms?
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-Difficulty saying what you want to say
-Speech is slow, labored, and telegraphic -Dysarthria - Difficulty in Speech -Good Comprehension -Aware |
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What is Dysarthia?
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Difficulty in Speech
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What area of the Brain is Motor (Anterior) Aphasia associated with?
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Broca's Area
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What is Sensory (Posterior) Aphasia?
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-Deficit of Auditory Comprehension
-Can't monitor your own conversation -Unaware of making mistakes -Phonemic Paraphrasia - Use of made-up but similar-sounding syllables: "bife and dork" instead of "knife and fork" |
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What area of the Brain is Sensory (Posterior) Aphasia associated with?
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Wernicke's Area
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What would a Right Side Lesion of Broca's Area result in?
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Change Patient's Speech to a Dull Monoton
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What would a Right Side Lesion of Wernicke's Area result in?
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-Listening Errors
-Unable to detect Inflection of Speech -Ex. - Can't tell difference between question and statement |
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Where is the Primary Motor Cortex Located?
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Precentral Gyrus
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Where is the Somatosensory Cortex Located?
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Postcentral Gyrus
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What is the Order of the Primary Motor Cortex from the Longitudinal Fissure?
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Legs, Arm, Neck, Face
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What is the Order of the Somatosensory Cortex from the Longitudinal Fissure?
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Legs, Head, Arms, Face
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Which Secondary Vesicle do the Basal Ganglia form from? What are they? What do they do?
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-Telencephalon
-Series of Interconnected Nuclei embedded in the Subcortical White Matter -Involved in Control of Movement - Plan, Initiate, Maintain Voluntary Motor Activites |
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What Structures form the Basal Ganglia?
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-Caudate
-Lentiform Nucleus - Putamen and Globus Pallidus -Subthalamic Nueclus -Substantia Nigra |
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Describe the Location of the Structures of the Basal Ganglia.
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-Caudate - Forms the Lateral Wall of the Lateral Ventricle
-Lentiform Nucleus - Lateral to the Thalamus. Globus Pallidus is Internal, Putamen is External -Subthalamic Nucleus -Substantia Nigra - Inferior, Dark part under the Thalamus |
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What will result from Basal Ganglia Damage?
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-Negative Sings - Loss of Motor Function
-Positive Signs - New Motor Activities or Inability to Suppress Unwanted Motor Function |
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What Connects the Thalamus between the 2 Hemispheres?
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Interthalamic Adhesion
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What encloses the 3rd Ventricle?
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Hypothalamus
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What is the Major Relay Station for Sensory Information?
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Thalamus
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What are the Functions of the Thalamus
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-Major Relay Station for Sensory Information
-COntributes to Motor Functions by Transmitting Information from the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to the Cerebral Primary Motor Area |
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What does the Infundibulum do?
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Connects the Hypothalamus to the Pituitary
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What Strctures are Located below the Thalamus?
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Infundibulum
Mamillary Bodies |
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What are the Mamillary Bodies?
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Olfactory Pathway Relay Station
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What is the Function of the Hypothalamus?
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Main Visceral Control
-Blood Pressure -Body Temp -Food Intake -Perception of Pleasure, Fear, Rage -Sleep -Endocrine Function |
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What structure is responsible for the main visceral control of the body?
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Hypothalamus
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What is the Tectal Plate (Tectum)? What does it have on it?
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-Roof of the Midbrain
-Coliculli |
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What surrounds the Cerebral Aqueduct?
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PAG - Periaqueductal Gray Matter
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What is the Major Reflex Center of the Body?
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Spinal Cord
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What are the 4 Regions of the Spinal Cord?
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-Cervical
-Thoracic -Lumbar -Sacral |
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How many Spinal Nerves?
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31 pairs of spinal nerves:
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal |
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Where do you do a Lumbar Puncture in Adults?
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L3/L4
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Why is the Spinal Cord Enlarged in the Cervial and Lumbar Region?
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Arms and Legs
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What is the Deep, Longitudinal FIssure on the Ventral Midline of SC called?
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Anterior Median Fissure.
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Where are the Sensory Roots of the SC?
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Dorsal Half
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Where are the Motor Roots of the SC?
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Ventral Half
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Which part of the Nervous System are Cranial and Spinal Nerves?
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PNS
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Describe how Sensory Input works.
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-Neuron 1 - Carries Info to the CNS
-Neuron 2 - Carries Info to the Contralateral Thalamus -Neuron 3 - Carries Info to the Cortex |
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Describe how Motor Output works.
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-Upper Motor Neuron - Carries Info from the Cortex to a Lower Motor Neuron on the Contralateral Side of the CNS
-Lower Motor Neuron - Carries Info from the CNS to a Muscle |
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What is a Ganglion?
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Group of Cell Bodies in the PNS
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What is a Group of Cell Bodies in the CNS called?
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Nucleus
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What is a Bundle of Axons called in the PNS?
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Nerves
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What is a Tract?
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Bundle of Axons in the CNS
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What is a Cranial Nerve?
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Leaves from the Brainstem or SC to Innervate Muscle
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What is a Spinal Nerve?
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Leaves from the SC to Innervate Muscle
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How many Neurons in the Sensory Pathway? Which ones are in the CNS and PNS? Where does the pathway originate?
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-3
-1st one - PNS -2 and 3 - CNS -Postcentral Gyrus |
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How many Neurons in the Motor Pathway? Which ones are in the CNS and PNS? Where does the pathway originate?
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-2
-Both in CNS -Precentral Gyrus |
