Neuroscience Test 1 - Nt Lectures

Front 1

What enzyme makes Ach from what two compounds?

Back 1

Enzyme:Choline Acetyl-transferase

Reactants: Acetyl-CoA and Choline

Front 2

What enzyme makes L-DOPA from Tyrosine?

Back 2

Tyrosine Hydoxylase

Front 3

What two enzymes are used in the production of Dopamine?

Back 3

Tyrosine Hydroxylase and AAAD

Front 4

What enzyme makes Dopamine from L-DOPA?

Back 4

AAAD

Front 5

What four enzymes are used to make Nor-epi from scratch?

Back 5

Tyrosine Hydroxylase, AAAD, Dopamine B Hydroxylase and PNMT.

Front 6

What are the two enzymes involved in making Seratonin?

Back 6

Tryptophan Hydroxylase and AAAD

Front 7

What does the enzyme Tryptophan Hydroxylase convert to what?

Back 7

Tryptophan to 5-Hydroxytryptophan

Front 8

What enzyme actually produces Seratonin from what?

Back 8

AAAD; 5-Hydroxytryptophan

Front 9

Neurotransmitter reuptake mechanisms use what to provide energy for transport?

Back 9

Na gradient

Front 10

What enzyme degrades Seratonin, Norepi and dopamine?

Back 10

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

Front 11

What enzyme converts Glutamine to Glutamate?

Back 11

Glutaminase

Front 12

What takes up Glutamate from the synapse and what happens after that?

Back 12

Glial cells take up Glutamate and converts it into Glutamine which is given back to the neuron. It is then converted to Glutamate.

Front 13

What transports Glutamate into glial cells

Back 13

Excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT)

Front 14

What are the four enzymatic steps in the GABA shunt?

Back 14

1. AKG to Glutamate: GABA-T
2. Glutamate to GABA: GAD (Vit B)
3. GABA to Succinic Semialdehyde: GABA-T
4. SSA to Succinic Acid: SSADH

Front 15

CO is produced from what, by what? What are the byproducts?

Back 15

Produced from heme by heme oxidase (HO)

Byproducts: Iron and Biliverdin

Front 16

NO is produced from what, by what? What is a byproduct?

Back 16

Produced from L-arginine by Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS).

Byproduct: Citrulline

Front 17

Both NO and CO act on what enzyme?

Back 17

Soluble guanylyl cyclase

Front 18

Glutamate acts...

Back 18

Excitatory; in most projection neurons

Front 19

GABA acts...

Back 19

Inhibitory; in most local interneurons

Front 20

Glycine acts...

Back 20

Inhibitory; in the spinal cord

Front 21

Ach neurons have cell bodies in what parts of the brain?

Back 21

Striatum, nucleus basalis and septal nucleus

Front 22

Where does the septal nucleus project?

Back 22

Hippocampus; target of Alzheimers

Front 23

Where does the nucleus basalis project(4)?

Back 23

Cortex, aymglada, thalamus and brainstem

Front 24

Norepi neurons are located in what part of the brain?

Back 24

Locus ceruleus

Front 25

Seratonin neurons are located in what part of the brain?

Back 25

Raphe nuclei

Front 26

Histamine neurons are located in what part of the brain?

Back 26

Tuberomammillary nucleus

Front 27

What are the functions of seratonin(2)?

Back 27

Mood alteration and sleep cycles

Front 28

What are the functions of NE(5)?

Back 28

Alertness, attention, mood, sleep cycles and memory

Front 29

What are the functions of histamine(2)?

Back 29

Alertness/arousal and energy metabolism

Front 30

Dopamine neurons are found in what parts of the brain(3)?

Back 30

Substantia nigra, Ventral tegmentum and Arcuate nucleus

Front 31

What NT may be found in the retina?

Back 31

Dopamine

Front 32

Where does the substantia nigra project?

Back 32

Striatum

Front 33

Where does the ventral tegmentum project(3)?

Back 33

Pre-frontal cortex, amyglada and nucleus accumbens

Front 34

Where does the arcuate nucleus project?

Back 34

Median emminence of the hypothalmus

Front 35

What function is associated with dopamine and the substantia nigra?

Back 35

Motor control

Front 36

What function is associated with dopamine and the arcuate nucleus?

Back 36

GnRH release

Front 37

What function is associated with dopamine and the ventral tegmentum?

Back 37

Reward system or motivation

Front 38

What are some of the roles of NO in the brain(4)?

Back 38

Development, synaptic transmission, learning and memory(in particular)

Front 39

What are the two classes of NT receptors?

Back 39

Inotrophic and Metabotropic

Front 40

How do ionotropic receptors work?

Back 40

Ligand-gated ion channels; fast

Front 41

How to metabotropic receptors work?

Back 41

G-protein coupled receptors; slow

Front 42

Glutamate's ionotropic receptors are(3)?

Back 42

AMPA, NMDA and Kainate

Front 43

Ach's metabotropic receptor and ionotropic receptors?

Back 43

Metabotropic: Muscarinic
Ionotropic: Nicotinic

Front 44

GABA's ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?

Back 44

Iono: GABAA GABAC
Metabo: GABAB

Front 45

Seratonin mostly has what type of receptor?

Back 45

Metabotropic

Front 46

Glycine uses what type of receptor?

Back 46

Ionotropic

Front 47

What NTs are only metabotropic?

Back 47

1. Dopamine
2. NE
3. Neuropeptides
4. Sensory receptors

Front 48

Glutamate ionotropic receptors have how many subunits and how many TM regions? What end is cytosolic?

Back 48

1. 4 subunits
2. 3 TM regions
3. Carboxy terminus

Front 49

All ionotropic receptors, save glutamate have how many subunits and how many TM regions? What end is cytosolic?

Back 49

1. 5 subunits
2. 4 TM regoins
3. None

Front 50

Ionotropic receptordiversity is achieved how?

Back 50

Using different combinations of subunits

Front 51

Excitatory ionotropic receptors are permeable to what?

Back 51

Cations; Na, K, Ca

Front 52

Inhibitory ionotropic receptors are permeable to what?

Back 52

Anions; Cl

Front 53

What are two antagonists for nicotinic receptors?

Back 53

Curare and alpha-bungarotoxin

Front 54

Nicotinic receptors are (homo/hetero) in muscle? In brain?

Back 54

Muscle: hetero
Brain: either

Front 55

NMDA channels are permeable to what and when?

Back 55

Calcium (K and Na), when Mg is removed due to depolarization and Glutamate binds.

Front 56

AMPA channels are permeable to what and when?

Back 56

K and Na, at resting membrane potentials

Front 57

NMDA is involved in what process?

Back 57

Learning

Front 58

What are antagonists of GABAA?

Back 58

Picrotoxin and biculline

Front 59

Where is GABAC found?

Back 59

Retina

Front 60

What is an antagonist of Glycine receptors?

Back 60

Strychnine

Front 61

What percentage of clinically relevant drugs target metabotropic receptors? Of the genome?

Back 61

50-60%; 1-3%

Front 62

What is the structure of a metabotropic receptor?

Back 62

7 TM portions with no subunits

Front 63

Muscarinic Ach receptors open what type of channels?

Back 63

K channels

Front 64

Glutamate and GABAB receptors are what type of receptors?

Back 64

Presynaptic autoreceptors

Front 65

How do G-proteins offer long lasting effects?

Back 65

By altering gene transcription.

Front 66

What is nicotine used for?

Back 66

Agonist of nicotinic receptors; smoking

Front 67

Ach drugs are used in what diseases?

Back 67

Alzheimers and MG

Front 68

Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is associated with a mutation where?

Back 68

Ach receptor - alpha 4

Front 69

Startle disease and stiff baby syndrome can be traced to a mutation where?

Back 69

Glycine receptor - alpha 1

Front 70

What are agonists of GABA?

Back 70

Alcohol, benzodiazepines and barbituates

Front 71

What diseases are associated with GABA?

Back 71

Alcoholism and epilepsy

Front 72

What are two NMDA agonists?

Back 72

PCP and Ketamine

Front 73

Kainic acid causes what?

Back 73

Seizures

Front 74

How does cocaine work?

Back 74

Dopamine transport blocker

Front 75

How do amphetamines work?

Back 75

Runs the dopamine transporter in reverse and cause NE release

Front 76

How does ritalin work?

Back 76

Blocks dopamine and NE transport

Front 77

What is MDMA and what NT is it associated with?

Back 77

Ecstasy; seratonin

Front 78

NMDA can activate what enzyme?

Back 78

NOS