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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the rhythmic activities of the brain. |
Sleeping and Waking Hibernating Breathing Walking Electrical Rhythms of Cerebral Cortex |
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What is an EEG? What does it measure? |
Electroencephalogram; measures generalized cortical activity |
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What are some benefits of the EEG over other methods? |
It is noninvasive and painless. |
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How does the electroencephalogram measure cortical activity? |
Measures voltage changes between electrode pairs |
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Which states show as high frequency and low amplitude on an EEG? |
Alertness, waking, and dream states |
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Which states show as low frequency and high amplitude on an EEG? |
Non-dreaming sleep states; coma |
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List the different EEG rhythms in order from fastest to slowest. |
Beta Alpha Theta Delta |
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How many hertz in a beta rhythm? |
>14 Hz |
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How many hertz in an alpha rhythm? |
8-13 Hz |
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How many hertz in a theta rhythm? |
4-7 Hz |
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How many hertz in a delta rhythm? |
<4 |
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What do beta rhythms indicate? |
Activated Cortex |
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What do alpha rhythms indicate? |
Waking states |
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What do theta rhythms indicate? |
Some sleep states |
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What do delta rhythms indicate? |
Deep sleep |
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What is the opposite of synchronous rhythms? |
Collective behavior |
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Rhythms in the __________ drive rhythms in the cerebral cortex. |
Thalamus |
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What are the two types of seizures? |
Generalized seizures and partial seizures |
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What does an EEG show during a seizure? |
Increased synchronous activity |
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Sleep is universal among ______________. |
Higher vertebrates |
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How much of our lives are spent in a sleep state? |
one-third |
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What are the 3 functional states of the brain? |
Awake Non-REM sleep REM sleep |
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What is non-REM sleep? |
an idling brain in a movable body |
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What is REM sleep? |
an active, hallucinating brain in a paralyzed body |
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What two words does "circadian" come from, and what do they mean? |
Circa=approximately
Dies=a day |
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What are circadian rhythms? |
Daily cycles of light and dark (Physiological and biochemical processes rise and fall with daily rhythms |
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When daylight and darkness cycles are removed, circadian rhythms _________. |
Continue |
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What nucleus houses the "brain clock?" |
Suprachiastmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
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Where is the SCN located? |
hypothalamus |
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What does a lesion of he SCN do? |
eliminates circadian rhythms. |
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The __________________ nucleus is photosensitive |
Suprachiastmatic |
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Define neurology |
branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders. |
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Neurological disorders help illustrate... |
the role of physiological processes in normal brain function. |
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Define Psychiatry |
Branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders that affect the mind or psyche. |
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What were the three branches of psychiatric disorders we discussed in class? |
Anxiety disorders Affective disorders Schizophrenia |
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What was Freud's explanation for mental illnesses? |
unconscious and conscious elements of psyche come into conflict |
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What was Skinner's explanation for mental illnesses? |
behaviors are learned responses to environment |
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What are some treatments for anxiety disorders? |
Psychotherapy Anxiolytic Medication |
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List two types of Anxiolytic Meication |
Benzodiazepines SSRIs |
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List two affective disorders |
major depression bipolar disorder |
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What are some treatments for affective disorders? |
Electroconvulsive therapy Psychotherapy Anti-depressants lithium Deep brain stimulation |
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What are some symptoms of major depression? |
loss of appetite insomnia fatigue feelings of worthlessness and guilt a diminished ability to concentrate recurrent thoughts of death |
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What are some symptoms of mania? |
Inflated self-esteem/grandiosity decreased need for sleep increased talkativeness flight of ideas distractibility increased goal-directed activity |
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Schizophrenia is characterized by... |
loss of contact with reality |
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Schizophrenia includes the disruption of... |
Thought Perception Mood Movement |
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What physical changes in the brain are associated with schizophrenia? |
enlarged ventricular system |
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List positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
delusions hallucinations disorganized speech disorganized behavior |
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List negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
reduced expression of emotion poverty of speech lack of goal-directed behavior memory impairment |
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What are the two hypotheses for causes of schizophrenia? |
The dopamine hypothesis The glutamate hypothesis |
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What occurs during cell proliferation? |
Neural stem cells give rise to neurons and glia |
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What determines the fate of daughter cells during cell proliferation? |
cleavage plane during cell division |
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What are the three steps in the genesis of neuronal connections? |
Pathway, Target, Address |
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What is a growth cone? |
the growing tip of a neurite |
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What are the two types of axon guidance cues? |
Chemoattraction and Chemorepulsion |
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What are the three steps of synapse formation? |
1. Dendritic filopodium contacts axon 2. Synaptic vesicles and active zone proteins recruited to presynaptic membrane 3. Receptors accumulate on postsynaptic membrane. |
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Define learning |
lifelong adaptation to environment |
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There are several similarities between _______________ brain development and learning |
experience-dependent |
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What is the difference between learning and memory? |
Learning is the acquisition of new information, whereas memory is the retention of learned information. |
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What is declarative/explicit memory? |
Memory of facts and events |
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What is non-declarative/implicit memory? |
procedural memory -- skill, habits, and behaviors |
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How long is working memory? |
seconds |
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How long is short-term memory? |
hours to weeks |
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How long is long-term memory? |
months to years |
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What is amnesia? |
Serious loss of memory and/or ability to learn |
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What are some causes of amnesia? |
Concussion, alcoholism, stroke, encephalitis, brain tumor, stroke |
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Which type of amnesia is common? |
limited amnesia |
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What is dissociated amnesia? |
amnesia with no other cognitive deficit |
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How common is dissociated amnesia? |
rare |
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What is retrograde amnesia? |
Forgot things you already knew |
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What is anterograde amnesia? |
Inability to form new memories. |
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What is transient global amnesia? |
Shorter period, temporary ischemia (loss of blood flow) |
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What are the symptoms of transient global amnesia? |
disoriented, ask same questions repeatedly, attacks subside in a couple of hours, but have permanent memory gap. |
