Neuroscience-Nervous System Test 1

Front 1

where are neurotransmitters located? when are neurotransmitters released?

Back 1

located in terminals.
released when the neuron fires.

Front 2

3 types of neurotransmitters:

Back 2

small molecules
peptides
gases

Front 3

small molecule transmitters

Back 3

acetylcholine (ACh)
dopamine (DA)
norepinephrine (NE)
Epinephrine (EP)
Serotonin (5-HT)
Glutamate (Glu)
y-amiobutric acid (GABA)

Front 4

what is a peptide?

Back 4

long term potentiation ( slower to react), long lasting, and once they are used up it takes time for new ones to be made.

Front 5

what are some peptide neurotransmitters?

Back 5

opiods (endorphins)
& substance P (pain)

Front 6

_____ can instruct the cell to continue or stop firing.

Back 6

gases

Front 7

proteins face ______ to "catch" the neurotransmitter

Back 7

outward

Front 8

acetylcholine (ACh) is manufactured in the ____ and ____

Back 8

basal forebrain and midbrain

Front 9

this neurotransmitter is criticial for inducing a state of arousal; important for memory.

Back 9

ACh

Front 10

this neurotransmitter is lacking in alzheimers disease

Back 10

ACh

Front 11

dopamine neurons are located in the __________, particularly the _______ ______.

Back 11

midbrain
substania nigra

Front 12

this neurotransmitter is important for behavioral responses, motivation, and decision making

Back 12

domaine (DA)

Front 13

norephinephrine is the ______ system.

Back 13

adrenergic system

Front 14

this neurotransmitter provides ability to direct attention. it is inactive during sleep.
it is most needed in visual watchfulness.

Back 14

norephinephrine (NE)

Front 15

serotonin is found in the ______ ______ of the brain stem.

Back 15

raphe nuclei.

Front 16

the raphe nuclei supply serotonin to _______ __________ ________ ________ ________ __________

Back 16

brainstem
cerebellum
thalamus
amygdala
hippocampus
cerebral cortex

Front 17

this neurotransmitter helps regulate sleep-wake cycle, mood, affective behavior, food intake, thermoregulation, and sexual behavior

Back 17

serotonin (5-HT)

Front 18

the most widespread inhibitory neurotransmitter

Back 18

GABA -(gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Front 19

GABA functions include gating info flow thru the CNS & regulating activity underlying sleep and arousal. t/f

Back 19

true

Front 20

this is an autoimmune disease where antibodies attack and destory postsynaptic ACh receptors on muscles cells.

Back 20

myesthenia gravis

Front 21

symptoms of myasthenia gravis

Back 21

muscles weaken with repetitve use (end of day)
-eye, facial muscles, swallowing, proximal limb movements.

Front 22

myesthenia gravis is common in old women and young men. t/f.

Back 22

false
young women, old men.

Front 23

after amputation, functional reorganization occurs in ____

Back 23

cortex

Front 24

phantom limb sensation

Back 24

feeling like the missing limb is there, and in pain usually

Front 25

the regrowth of damaged axons is called

Back 25

axonal sprouting

Front 26

dendrites of axon fill the area; remaining fibers sprout branches into sites left vacant by lesioned axons

Back 26

collateral sprouting

Front 27

proliferation of synapses of all types . in response to localized injury attempts to re-establish functional connectivity. ( the formation of synapses between neurons)

Back 27

reactive synaptogenesis

Front 28

when innervation is interrupted, many new receptors can develop either post synaptically or on muscle cells. results in increased response when residual afferents are stimulated.

Back 28

denervation supersensitivity (synaptic supersensitivity)

Front 29

this structure contains cell bodies of neurons in afferent spinal nerves. ( carries sensory info to brain via spinal cord)

Back 29

dorsal root ganglion

Front 30

perception of pain

Back 30

nociception

Front 31

the receptors for pain and temperature

Back 31

free nerve endings

Front 32

type of sensation of DC/ML

Back 32

fine touch, vibration, proprioception

Front 33

DC/ML names of synapses in medulla:

Back 33

nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus

Front 34

DC/ML name of tract in brainstem

Back 34

medial leminiscus

Front 35

DC/ML nuclei in thalamus

Back 35

VPM (face)
VPL (lower body)

Front 36

DC/ML termination in cortex

Back 36

postcentral gyrus

Front 37

spinothalamic system has what type of sensation (carries what kind of information)

Back 37

temperature
pain (nociception)

Front 38

newer anterolateral (spinothalamic) tracts are fast, older anterolateral tracts are slower. where are older anterolateral tracts located?

Back 38

medially. they suppress pain. whereas spinothalamic tract is fast pain.

Front 39

explain the spinothalamic tract and where 1st 2nd and 3rd order neurons synapses

Back 39

1. free nerve endings synapse in ipsilateral cord.
2. cross to opposite side of cord ascend to thalamus-VPL/VPM
3. thalamus to somatosensory cortex (fast pain)

Front 40

explain the DC/ML synapses

Back 40

1. fibers leave receptors and ascend with ipsilateral dorsal columns of spinal cord.
2. synapse on nucleus gracilus and nucleus cuneatus in medulla
3. cross to opposite side and ascend in medial lemniscus in brainstem
4. medial leminiscus to thalamus -VPM/VPL
5. thalamus to postcentral gyrus

Front 41

what organ of the brain is the master controller of homeostasis?

Back 41

hypothalamus

Front 42

which part of autonomic nervous system is "fight/flight", and it produces what?

Back 42

sympathetic.
sweating, piloerection, increased heart rate/blood pressure

Front 43

upper motor neuron lesions cause:

Back 43

weakness
hypertonicity
hyperreflexia
babinskis sign (toes flare when bottom of ft is flexed)
contractures

Front 44

lower motor neuron disease causes:

Back 44

flaccid paralysis
loss of reflexes (areflexia)
atrophy
fibrillations

Front 45

effects of baclofen treatment after spinal cord injury

Back 45

decrease spasms
decrease pain
improve bladder function
improve mobility

(baclofen is a muscle relaxer)

Front 46

a group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve is known as ___

Back 46

myotome

Front 47

this type of stimulation is used to relieve pain in an injured part of the body, electrodes deliver stimulateion to surface nerves and block pain signals.

Back 47

TENS:
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

Front 48

this records electrical activity of muscles by electrodes that are placed on skin, patterns of activity are projected on a screen or loudspeaker. tests electrical activity of muscles and nerves that innervate the muscles

Back 48

EMG:
electromyography

Front 49

a technique that trains ppl to control certain bodily processes such as pain, muscle tension, temperature etc that usually happen involuntarily. electrodes are placed on skin. usually used for HBP, headaches, urinary probs & pain

Back 49

biofeedback

Front 50

this type of treatment forces the use of the affected side by restraining the unaffected side.

is it ever too early to use this type of Tx?

Back 50

constraint induced therapy

never too early to use this type of tx

Front 51

this is a facial corticospinal tract. (muscles of face are controlled by this system)

Back 51

corticobulbar tract
(refers to "bulb" of pons)

Front 52

where do lateral corticospinal tracts cross?

Back 52

cross in pyramids of medulla
(lower medulla)

Front 53

anterior (ventral) coritcospinal tracts innervate what muscles?
its functions are?

Back 53

trunk, hips
posture balance gait

(it is a small tract)

Front 54

what is the process that underlies contractures?

Back 54

muscle fibers are physically shortened due to disuse.
-cannot be stretched without rupturing

Front 55

definition of paresis?
plegia?

Back 55

paresis: weakness
plegia: paralysis/loss of movement

Front 56

common carotid artery comes off of the ____ and splits into internal/external carotid

Back 56

aorta

Front 57

what supplies the anterior portion of the brain?

Back 57

internal carotid

Front 58

what supplies the posterior portion of brain?

Back 58

vertebral-basilar

Front 59

a ring of 9 arteries that supplies all of the blood to the cerebral hemispheres

Back 59

circle of willis

Front 60

main structures of the limbic system

Back 60

hippocampus (memory)
amyglada (emotions)
diencephalon

Front 61

part of neuron that recieves info from other cells

Back 61

dendrite

Front 62

part of neuron that contains nucelus and makes neurotransmitters

Back 62

cell body/soma

Front 63

part of neuron that is the output unit of cell, where neurotransmitters are sent and travel

Back 63

axon

Front 64

where the axon ends, transmitting element of neuron.

Back 64

presynaptic terminal

Front 65

the cerebral cortex is ___ matter

Back 65

grey

Front 66

Brain damage. give examples for each:
focal
multifocal
diffuse

Back 66

focal: tumor
multifocal: MS
diffuse: TBI

Front 67

the affarent sensory root of a spinal nerve

Back 67

dorsal root

Front 68

the efferent motor root of a spinal nerve

Back 68

ventral root

Front 69

grey matter contains ____ white matter contains ___

Back 69

grey=cell bodies
white=axons

Front 70

caudate nucleus and putamen are collectively known as

Back 70

striatum

Front 71

putamen and globus pallidus are known as

Back 71

lenticular nucleus

Front 72

main nuclei of thalamus:

main function of thalamus

Back 72

VPL: lower body
VPM: face

sensory, limbic, motor!neurons synapse here.

Front 73

neurodegenerative disorder affects both UMN & LMN

Back 73

ALS
-touble swallowing, breathing, become completely paralyzed.
what happens to pain and temp? nothing

Front 74

________________ are located in the dorsal root ganglion

Back 74

peripheral nerve cell.

Front 75

loss of sensation & motor function caused by lateral hemisection of the spinal cord.

Back 75

Brown-sequard syndrome

Front 76

innervates posterior thigh and most of leg and foot

contains parasympathetic axons

Back 76

sacral plexus

Front 77

branches of this plexus innervate skin and muscles of the anterior and medial thigh

Back 77

lumbar plexus

Front 78

atrophy usually leads to this. it is spontaneous contraction of indiv. muscle fibers. (only observable with EMG)

Back 78

fibrillation

Front 79

expansion of the cell wall; where the axon begins

Back 79

axon hillock

Front 80

cells forming myelin sheath are called ___ in CNS and ___ in pns

Back 80

oligodendrocytes
schwann cells

Front 81

transport proteins from cell body to distal parts of cell & vice versa

Back 81

microtubules

Front 82

control shape and rigidity of cell

Back 82

microfilaments

Front 83

what is the resting potential of a neuron

Back 83

-70 mV

Front 84

voltage at which membrane undergoes change in permeability is called its ___ (-50 mv)

Back 84

threshold

Front 85

this is a type of peripheral system demyelination where it kills schwann cells. motor paralysis decreased sensation

Back 85

guillian barre syndrome

Front 86

type of central nervous sys demylination autoimmune disease produces antibodies attack oligodendrocytes. damages myelin in brain and spinal corde.

Back 86

multiple sclerosis

Front 87

what is the main function of the hypothalamus?

Back 87

homeostasis

Front 88

the striatum consists of

Back 88

caudate and putamen

Front 89

what does the amygdala do

Back 89

process emotion

Front 90

axonal regeneration is most common in the cns or pns?

Back 90

pns

Front 91

area of skin innervated by a single neuron is called the ___ ___ for that neuron

Back 91

receptive field

Front 92

sensory organ embedded in muscle that responds to stretch

Back 92

muscle spindle

Front 93

nerve endings woven into collegen strands of tendon that detect changes in tension in a tendon

Back 93

golgi tendon organs

Front 94

what brodmanns area is vision

Back 94

17,18,19

Front 95

what brodmanns area is audition

Back 95

41,42

Front 96

what brodmanns area is tough

Back 96

3,1,2

Front 97

what brodmanns area is motor

Back 97

4

Front 98

the primary motor cortex is located in the ____ ____ of the parietal lobe

Back 98

precentral gyrus

Front 99

brocas area (brodmanns 44) is located in the left hemisphere and responsible for what

Back 99

langueage/speech

Front 100

VPL/VPM lesions cause loss of sensation from ____ body and face

Back 100

contralateral

Front 101

naturally occuring substances that block pain

Back 101

endorphins