Neuroscience I

Front 1

1.How many neurons are there in central nervous system?

Back 1

100 billion

Front 2

1.What is neuron doctrine and who advocated neuron doctrine?

Back 2

Neurons are not continuous, Ramon Cajal

Front 3

1.What are the parts of neuron stained by the Golgi stain?

Back 3

Cell body, dendrites, axons.

Front 4

1.What is stained by the Nissl stain?

Back 4

Cell body only, RER

Front 5

1.What are dendrites?

Back 5

Antennae of the neuron, they are afferent

Front 6

1.What type of potentials begins in the dendrites?

Back 6

Action potentials

Front 7

1.What is axon hillock?

Back 7

Part that connects the cell body to the axons.

Front 8

1.Which organelle is distinctly absent in the axon hillock?

Back 8

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, golgi

Front 9

1.Which stain does not specifically stain the axon hillock and why?

Back 9

Nissil because there is no RER

Front 10

1.What is initial segment?

Back 10

It is the region of axon between the apex of the axon hillock and the beginning of the myelin sheath

Front 11

1.What type of channels is present in the initial segment?

Back 11

It is rich in voltage-sensitive sodium channels.

Front 12

1.What type of channels is present in the nodes of Ranvier?

Back 12

Voltage gated sodium channels

Front 13

1.What are the cells that give myelin to an internode in the peripheral nervous system?

Back 13

Schwann Cells

Front 14

1.What is the location of synthesis of protein?

Back 14

Ribosomes, Rough ER

Front 15

1.What is the function of Golgi apparatus?

Back 15

Proteins are modified in the Golgi apparatus with processes such as glycosylation or phosphorylation. The modified proteins are packed into vesicles and transported to other intracellular locations, mostly for export out of the cell.
It produces lysosomes
It is active in the synthesis of cell membrane

Front 16

1.What is the function of mitochondria?

Back 16

It is responsible for production of energy

Front 17

1.Should the number of dendritic spines were to reduce, which clinical condition you should expect?

Back 17

Mental retardation

Front 18

1.What are the different causes of mental retardation?

Back 18

PKU, Down Syndrome, Fragile X, Fetal alcohol, poor nutrition, German measles

Front 19

1.Name the enzyme which is deficient in phenylketonuria?

Back 19

Phenylalanine Hydroxylase

Front 20

1.What is the treatment of phenylketonuria?

Back 20

Reduce protein intake with phenylalanine component.
Supplement tyrosine

Front 21

1.Name two symptoms of phenylketonuria?

Back 21

Retardation, Musty Odor

Front 22

1.What is fragile X syndrome?

Back 22

The most common cause of mental impairment. It is associated with abnormalities in a single gene on the long arm of the X chromosome at the Xq27 site

Front 23

1.Which cells contribute to the myelin of CNS?

Back 23

Oligodendrocytes

Front 24

1.Which cells contribute to the myelin of peripheral nervous system?

Back 24

Schwann Cells

Front 25

1.What is the diameter of axons of Group I neurons?

Back 25

largest diameter from 12-20microns Proprioreception

Front 26

1.What is the diameter of axons of Group II neurons?

Back 26

from 6-12 microns

Front 27

1.What is the diameter of axons of Group III neurons

Back 27

from 1 – 6 microns

Front 28

1.What is the diameter of axons of Group IV neurons which are unmyelinated?

Back 28

from 0.5 to 2microns (these are unmyelinated) Pain Fibers

Front 29

1.Efferent fibers to the muscle spindles belong to which group?

Back 29

Aγ – Efferent to muscle spindles (γ) fibers

Front 30

1.The saltatory conduction is facilitated by the presence of which channels?

Back 30

Voltage gated NA channels

Front 31

1.Which two of the organelles are distinctly absent in the axon?

Back 31

RER, Golgi

Front 32

1.List all the organelles present in the axon?

Back 32

1.Mitochondria
2.Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
3.neurotubules (microtubules)
4.neurofilaments
microfilaments

Front 33

1.How may ATP molecules are produced for every molecule of pyruvic acid?

Back 33

17

Front 34

1.What happens when brain is deprived of oxygen?

Back 34

Mitochondria can't produce ATP so the brain stops working.

Front 35

1.Which organelle is called Nissl substance?

Back 35

Rough ER

Front 36

1.What is the main function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 36

It acts like a regulated calcium store throughout the neuronal cytoplasm. It performs a variety of enzymatic reactions and is involved in lipid metabolism.

Front 37

1.Which clinical condition is associated with the abnormality of peroxisomes?

Back 37

“Leukodystrophies”

Front 38

1.What are the symptoms of Adrenocorticodystrophy?

Back 38

Attention deficit, dementia are the early symptoms in young boys.
Spastic paraperesis in adults.

Front 39

1.Name two diseases caused by the breakdown of Golgi apparatus?

Back 39

1.Hyperproinsulinemia ( elevated levels of proinsulin)
I cell disease (Huge inclusion bodies in lysosomes. There is absence of mannose-6-phospate results in the secretion of hydrolases and prevents their incorporation into lysosmes)

Front 40

1.Which organelle is responsible for genetic lipid storage disorder ( this is also called as “Tay-Sachs disease”).

Back 40

Lysosomes

Front 41

1.Name three lysosomal diseases?

Back 41

Gaucher’s (fatty accumulation in liver, spleen and brain)
Niemann-Pick: Sphingomyelin accumulation in the central nervous system
Tay sachs

Front 42

1.Name three peroxisomal diseases?

Back 42

Zellweger syndrome ( Cerebrohepatorenal)
Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy
Infantile Refsum disease

Front 43

1.Mutation of which gene is responsible for the ALD?

Back 43

ALD gene on chromosome Xq28

Front 44

1.Name two clinical conditions where you find Lewi bodies in the neurons?

Back 44

Parkinson’s disease and in cortical brain-stem neurons in patients with certain forms of dementia called “Lewy body dementia”

Front 45

1.When and where you find Negri bodies?

Back 45

These are eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions seen in degenerating neurons in the hippocampus ad cerebellar cortex in patients with rabies.