Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
_ has an inductive effect on surface ectoderm to make neural tube
|
Notochord
|
|
|
Neural ectoderm gives rise to _
|
Neural crest cells
|
|
|
_ arise from neural ectoder but remain in the surface of ectoderm
|
Ectodermal placodes
|
|
|
_ separates alar and basal plates
|
Sulcus limitans
|
|
|
Three layers of neural tube
|
Inner epithelial layer (ependyma)
Mantle layer Marginal layer |
|
|
Alar plates are _
Basal plates are _ motor/sensory? |
Alar - sensory
Basal - motor |
|
|
Alar plates become _
|
Dorsal horn
|
|
|
Basal plates become _
|
Ventral motor horn
|
|
|
Cranial part of CNS forms three primary brain vesicles _
|
Rhombencephalon
Mesencephalon Prosencephalon |
|
|
Name 3 brain flexures
|
Mesencephalic
Cervical Pontine |
|
|
Name derivatives of rhombencephalon
|
Medulla oblongata
Pons Cerebellum Fourth ventricle |
|
|
Prosencephalon derivatives _
|
Diencephalon
Telencephalon |
|
|
Telencephalic vesicles develop from prosencephalon and will form _
|
cerebral hemispheres
|
|
|
Visual system is an outgrowth of _
|
diencephalon
|
|
|
Anterior pituitary derives from _
|
Rathkes pouch
|
|
|
Posterior pituitary derives from _
|
Diencephalon
|
|
|
Patient presents with raised intracranial pressure, visual loss and diabetes insipidus - patient diagnosed with tumor - name tumor and what is it derived from
|
Craniopharyngioma - benign epithelial tumor derived from Rathkes pouch at junction of infundibulum and pituitary
|
|
|
Basal plate of spinal cord includes :
_ nucleus _ columns _ sacral _ columns |
Spinal accessory
Motor IML Parasympathetic |
|
|
Alar plate of spinal cord includes :
_ area _ |
Visceral receptive
Substantia gelatinosa |
|
|
Basal plate of medulla includes :
_ nucleus _ nucleus _ nucleus _ nucleus |
Hypoglossal
Inferior salivatory Dorsal vagal Nucleus ambiguus |
|
|
Alar plate of medulla includes 3 nuclei - name them
|
Solitary nucleus
Spinal trigeminal Vestibular and cochlear |
|
|
Basal plate of pons includes 4 nuclei - name them
|
Abducens
Superior salivatory Trigeminal Facial |
|
|
Alar plate of pons includes _
|
Chief sensory of V
Mesencephalic |
|
|
Basal plate of midbrain includes (3 nuclei)
|
Occulomotor nucleus
Edinger-Westphal Trochlear |
|
|
Alar plate of midbrain includes only one structure - ?
|
Colliculi
|
|
|
Cortical neurons migrate from _
|
Subventricular zone
|
|
|
6 layers of cerebral cortex are formed in _ fashion. As a result oldest neurons are in _ layers, newest are in _ layers
|
Inside out
Deepest Superficial |
|
|
Vast majority of neurons in same layer have same morphology and connection - T/F
|
T
|
|
|
Cranium bifidum is a _
|
Cleft in cerebral cortex
|
|
|
Baby is born with cranial defect and meninges are outside the skull - name defect
|
Meningocele
|
|
|
Baby is born with cranial defect and meninges and part of the brain are outside the skull - name defect
|
Meningocephalocele
|
|
|
Baby is born with cranial defect and meninges, part of the brain and ventricles are outside the skull - name defect
|
Meningohydroencephalocele
|
|
|
Woman suffers from miscarriage - fetus has one eye in the middle of forehead and proboscus - cerebral hemispheres are fused, along with eyes - name anomaly - it is a defect of what
|
Holoprosencephaly - involves defect of midline (clefts, etc)
|
|
|
Woman suffers from miscarriage, baby is prematurely born with no cerebral hemispheres (brain stem and diencephalon are present). During pregnancy woman had elevated alpha fetoprotein levels and was diagnosed with polyhydramnios (excessive amniotic fluid) - name anomaly and what is it caused by
|
Meroanencephaly - failure of anterior neural tube to close
|
|
|
Baby is born with microcephaly (small head) - possible causes
|
- Microencephaly - small brain - growth of calvaria is caused by pressure from growing brain
- Premature synostosis |
|
|
Hydrocephalus can cause _
|
brain compression and brain atrophy
|
|
|
Mantle layer of neural tube consists of _
|
alar and basal plates
|
|
|
Gray matter consists of _
|
Cell bodies
|
|
|
Marginal layer consists of _ matter which is _
|
White - bundles of axons
|
|
|
Location of spinal cord
|
Posterior midline
|
|
|
Extent of spinal cord
|
Foramen magnum - L1-L2
|
|
|
How many spinal nerves are there
|
31
|
|
|
Two enlargements of spinal cord are _ - why are they there?
|
Cervical and lumbar - to accomodate increased innervation for limbs - plexi - brachial and lumbar-sacral
|
|
|
_ sulcus is right in the middle of the posterior spinal cord and divides it into right and left parts
|
Posterior median sulcus
|
|
|
_ sulcus of posterior spinal cord doesnt run entire length of spinal cord - only runs in _ areas, located between
|
Posterior intermediate sulcus
Cervical and upper thoracic (starts at T6) Posterior median and posterolateral sulci |
|
|
_ sulcus runs entire length of cord and serves as entry for posterior (sensory) root
|
Posterolateral sulcus
|
|
|
In ventral aspect of spinal cord _ runs through the whole length of spinal cord and divides cord into right and left
|
Anterior median fissure
|
|
|
Inferior aspect of spinal cord presents _
|
Filum terminale
Conus medularis Cauda equina |
|
|
_ matter is H shaped in spinal cord section
|
Gray
|
|
|
White matter of spinal cord is divided into 3 _
|
Funiculi - posterior, anterior and lateral
|
|
|
Posterior funiculus is located where
|
Between midline and posterior (dorsal) horn - on top
|
|
|
Anterior funiculus location
|
Between midline and ventral (anterior) roots
|
|
|
Lateral funiculus location
|
Between dorsal and ventral roots
|
|
|
Grey matter in spinal cord is divided into layers called _
|
Rexed laminae - I to IX and X around central canal
|
|
|
Cervical spinal cord has _ gray matter, _ white matter (large, little)
|
Large grey matter
Large white matter |
|
|
Thoracic spinal cord has _ grey matter, _ white matter (a lot, little)
|
Little gray matter
A lot white matter |
|
|
Lumbar spinal cord has _ gray matter, _ white matter (a lot, little)
|
A lot
Very little |
|
|
Sacral spinal cord has very little _
|
white matter
|
|
|
Lamina _ contains neurons that are contacted by neurons from lamina II and primary afferents - respond to noxious and thermal stimuli
|
Lamina I
|
|
|
Neurons coming into spinal cord go up and down using _
|
Tract of Lissauer - right above lamina I
|
|
|
Substantia gelatinosa is located in lamina _ and can be found all over spinal cord
|
II
|
|
|
Lamina _ neurons function as interneurons
|
III
|
|
|
Lamina _ is present only in enlargements
|
VI
|
|
|
Which lamina contains IML, Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke, sacral parasympathetic nucleus
|
VII
|
|
|
IML has _ neurons at _ levels
|
Preganglionic
T1-L2 |
|
|
Sacral parasympathetic levels
|
S2-S4
|
|
|
Lamina _ is separate because of descending tract terminates here, contains propriospinal interneurons
|
VIII
|
|
|
Lamina _ consist of lower motor neurons - alpha, beta, gamma motor neuronsA
|
IX
|
|
|
Lamina _ surrounds central canal
|
X
|
|
|
Lamina _ are receiving centers for cutaneomucous afferents
|
I-IV
|
|
|
Lamina _ and _ comprise substantia gelatinosa
|
II and III
|
|
|
Lamina _ and _ comprise proprioceptive area
|
V and VI
|
|
|
Alpha motor neurons are _ fibers, gamma are _ , beta are _
(intrafusal/extrafusal) |
Alpha - extrafusal, gamma - intrafusal
Beta - both (very few of those) |
|
|
Neurons in ventral horn exhibit _
|
Somatotopy
|
|
|
Neurons that innervate proximal muscles are more _ , distal muscles are more _
|
Medial
Lateral |
|
|
Neurons innervating flexors are more _, extensors are more _
|
Posterior
Anterior |
|
|
Posterior funiculus consists of two posterior columns - fasciculus _ and fasciculus _
|
Gracilis - more medial
Cuneatus - more lateral |
|
|
Lateral funiculus is associated with what tracts
|
Corticospinal
Rubrospinal Spinocerebellar - anterior and posterior Anterolateral system (pain and temperature) |
|
|
Anterior funiculus is associated with what tracts
|
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts |
|
|
Blood supply of spinal cord is derived from _
|
Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
|
|
|
GSE fibers are _ sitting in _
|
Alpha motor neurons
Anterior horn |
|
|
Patient presents with dull and aching pain, pins and needs, searing, burning sensations following peripheral nerve injury - what is this pain called and what is it caused by, how do you get rid of this pain
|
Deafferentation pain - anatomic pathways for pain perception are partially or entirely disrupted
Treatment - placing an electrode in the posterior horn |
|
|
Receptor involved in autogenic inhibition is _
|
Golgi tendon
|
|
|
Muscle stretch reflex involves
Stretching _ Stimulating _ Feedback to _ _ |
Stretching tendon
Stimulating sensory endings Feedback to motor neuron Reciprocal inhibition |
|
|
Flexor reflex (withdrawal) involves :
_ input Exciting _ Inhibiting _ |
Cutaneous input (pain)
Flexors Extensors |
|
|
Cross extension reflex involves :
_ input _ reflex _ muscles |
Cutaneous input (pain)
Withdrawal reflex Contralateral muscles |
|
|
Patient presents with sharp burning pain in dermatomal distribution of L4 - what is the diagnosis, why doesnt he have significant sensory loss
If muscle would be involved - what would be symptoms |
Radiculopathy - doesnt cause significant sensory loss due to overlap of dermatomes
Muscle weakness (not complete paralysis) |
|
|
Patient presents with pain, absence of biceps reflex and no sensation over distribution of C5-C6 - diagnosis
|
Musculocutaneous mononeuropathy - only one nerve involved ( no overlap)
|
|
|
Diabetic patient presents with motor and sensory deficits in distal leg and arm - diagnosis, what is this distribution called
|
Polyneuropathy - stocking/glove distribution
|
|
|
Tabes dorsalis is common in _ and involves _
|
Tertiary syphillis patients
Posterior columns |
|
|
Polio patient presents with absense of reflexes and muscle atrophy - which neurons are affected, what lamina is affected
|
Alpha motor neurons
Lamina IX |
|
|
Patient presents after spinal cord injury - right after injury patient was paralyzed and his spinal cord completely shut down however he recovered after two weeks - what is the name of his condition
|
Spinal shock
|
|
|
Brown Sequard syndrome is a _
|
Functional hemisection of spinal cord - loss of function on one half of the spinal cord
|
|
|
Patient presents with bilateral loss of pain and thermal sensations - diagnosis and what is it caused by
|
Syringomyelia - cavity in spinal cord - affects axons that cross midline (anterior commissure)
|
|
|
Brainstem has 3 parts - name them
|
Medulla oblongata
Pons Midbrain |
|
|
Other then 3 parts of brainstem what else is associated with it
|
Cerebellum
|
|
|
Pyramids are found where
|
Anterior medulla
|
|
|
Olives, preolivary and postolivary sulci are found where
|
Anterior medulla
|
|
|
Inferior pontine sulcus can be found where _
|
Anterior medulla
|
|
|
Medulla is associated with what CN's
|
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus Hypoglossal |
|
|
Cochlear nucleus is located where
|
Posterior medulla
|
|
|
Pontomedullary junction is associated with following CN's
|
Facial
Vestibulocochlear Abducens |
|
|
Basilar pons and middle cerebellar peduncle are located on _
|
anterior pons
|
|
|
Pons is associated with _ CN
|
Trigeminal nerve
|
|
|
Midbrain is associated with two CN
|
Oculomotor
Trochlear |
|
|
CN IV exits on _
|
posterior surface of midbrain
|
|
|
Each region has 4 parts of brainstem _
|
Basilar
Tegmentum Ventricle Roof |
