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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning
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The brain's ability to change in response to experience
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Memory
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The brain's ability to store and access the learned effects of experiences
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Amnesia
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Any pathological loss of memory
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Bilateral medial temporal lobectomy
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The removal of the medial portion so froth temporal lobes, including the hippocampus, the amygdala, and adjacent cortex
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Hippocampus
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A structure of the medial temporal lobes that plays a role in memory for spatial location
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Amygdala
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A structure in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus; plays a role in emotion
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Lobectomy
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An operation in which a lobe, or a major part of one, is removed from the brain
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Lobotomy
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An operation in which a lobe, or a major part of one, is separated from the rest of the brain by a large cut but is not removed
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Retrograde amnesia
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Loss of memory for events or information learned before the amnesia-inducing brain injury.
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Anterograde amnesia
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Loss of memory for events occurring after the amnesia-inducing brain injury
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Short-term memory
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Memories that are stored only until a person stops focusing gon them-typically assessed with the digit-span test (recall of a phone number)
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Long-term memory
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Memory for experiences that endures after the experiences are no longer the focus of attention.
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Digit span
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The longest sequence of random digits that can be repeated correctly 50% of the time-most people have a digit span of 7
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Global amnesia
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Amnesia for information presented in all sensory modalities
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Incomplete-pictures test
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A test of memory measuring the improved ability to identify fragmented figures that have been previously observed.
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Remote memory
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Memory for events of the distant past
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Memory consolidation
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The transfer of short-term memories to long-term storage
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Explicit memories
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Conscious memories
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Implicit memories
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Memories that are expressed by improved performance without conscious recall or recognition
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Medial temporal lobe amnesia
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Amnesia associated with bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobes; its major feature is anterograde amnesia for explicit memories in combination with preserved intellectual functioning.
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Repetition priming tests
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Tests of implicit memory; in one example, a list of words is presented, then fragments of the original words are presented and the subject is asked to complete them
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Semantic memories
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Explicit memories for general facts and knowledge.
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Episodic memories
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Explicit memories for the particular events and experiences of one's life
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Global cerebral ischemia
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An interruption of blood supply to the entire brain
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Pyramidal cell layer
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The major layer of cell bodies in the hippocampus
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CA1 subfield
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The region of the hippocampus that is commonly damaged by cerebral ischemia.
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Transient global amnesia
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A sudden onset severe anterograde amnesia and moderate retrograde amnesia for explicit episodic memories that is transient-typically lasting only between 4 to 6 hours.
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Korsakoff's syndrome
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A neuropsychological disorder that is common in alcoholics and whose primary symptom sis sever memory loss
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Mediodorsal nuclei
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A pair of medial diencephalic nuclei in the thalamus, damage to which is thought to be responsible for many of the memory deficits associated with Korsakoff's syndrome
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Medial diencephalic amnesia
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Amnesia that is associated with damage to the medial diencephalon (Korsakoff's)
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Alzheimer's disease
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The major cause of dementia in old age, characterized by neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques, and neuron loss.
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Basal forebrain
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A midline area of the forebrain, which is located just in front of and above the hypothalamus and it the brain's main source of acetylcholine; decreased in Alzheimer's patients
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Posttraumatic amnesia (PTA)
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Amnesia produced by a non penetrating head injury (a blow to the head that does't penetrate the skull)
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Electroconvulsive shock (ECS)
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An intense, brief, diffuse, seizure-inducing current administered to the brain via large electrodes attached to the scalp
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Standard consolidation theory
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Theory that memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be transferred to a more stage cortical storage system
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Engram
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A change in the brain that stores a memory
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Delayed nonmatching-to-sample test
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A test in which the subject is presented with an unfamiliar sample object and then, after a delay, is presented with a choice between the sample object and an unfamiliar object, where the correct choice is the unfamiliar object
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Medial temporal cortex
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Cortex in the medial temporal lobe that lies adjacent to the hippocampus and amygdala
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Mumby box
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An apparatus that is used in a rat version of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test
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Morris water maze test
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A widely used test of spatial memory in which rates must learn to swim directly to a platform hidden just beneath the surface of a circular pool of murky water
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Radial arm maze test
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A widely used test of rats' spatial ability in which the same arms are baited on each trial, and the rats must learn to visit only the baited arms only one time on each trail
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Reference memory
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Memory for the general principles and skills that are required to perform a task
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Working memory
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Temporary memory necessary for the successful performance of a task on which one is currently working
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Place cells
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Neurons that develop place fields-that is, that respond only when the subject is in a particular place in a familiar test environment
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Entorhinal cortex
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The portion of the rhinal cortex within the rhinal fissure.
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Grid cells
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Entorhinal neurons that have multiple, evenly spaced place fields
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Jennifer Aniston neurons
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Neurons, such as those found in the medial temporal lobe, that respond to ideas or concepts rather than to particulars. Also known as concept cells
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Concept cells
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Jennifer Aniston neurons
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Inferotemporal cortex
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The cortex of the inferior temporal lobe, in which is located an area of secondary visual cortex that is involved in object recognition
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Prefrontal cortex
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The areas of frontal cortex that are anterior to the frontal motor areas.
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Cerebellum
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The met encephalic structure that has been shown to mediate the retention of Pavlovian eye blink conditioning
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Striatum
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A structure of the basal ganglia that is the terminal of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway and is damaged in Parkinson's patients; it seems to play a role in memory for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses in multiple-trial tasks
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Long-term potentiation (LTP)
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The enduring facilitation of synaptic transmission that occurs following activation of synapses by high-intensity, high-frequency stimulation of the presynaptic neurons
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NMDA receptor
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Glutamate receptors that play key roles in the development of stoke-induced brain damage and long-term potentiation at glutaminergic synapses.
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Glutamate
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The brain's most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter, whose excessive release causes much of the brain damage resulting from cerebral ischemia
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Dendritic spines
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Tiny nodules of various shapes that are located on the surfaces of many dendrites and are the sites of most excitatory synapses in the mature mammalian brain.
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Transcription factors
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Proteins that bind to DNA and influence that expression of particular genes.
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Nitric oxide
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A soluble-gas neurotransmitter
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Infantile amnesia
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The normal inability to recall events from early childhood
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Nootropics (smart drugs)
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Drugs that purportedly improve memory
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