Neuroscience: Chapter 1

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Neuroscience

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is the multidisciplinary study of the nervous system and its role on behavior

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decade of the brain

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-1990s
-expanded knowledge on treatment for neurological disorders, emotional disorders, and addiction

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biopsychology

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the branch of psychology that studies the relationships between behavior and the body, particularly the brain

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the meaning of "behavior"

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internal events such as learning, thinking, and emotion

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Wilhelm Wundt

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-1879
-established the first psychology laboratory

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mind-body problem

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-deals with what the mind is and what its relationship is to the brain
-a mind is just an illusion that the sense of mind is nothing more than the awareness of what our brain is doing

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Monism

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-"single" or "alone"
-the idea that the mind and the body consist of the same substance

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materialistic monoism

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believe that the body and mind and everything else is physical

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dualism

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-the idea that the mind and the brain are separate
-the body is material and the mind is nonmaterial
-believe that the mind influences behavior by interacting with the brain
-plato was a dualist

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model

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is a proposed mechanism for how something works

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Rene Descartes

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-17th century French philosopher
-used hydraulic model to explain the brain activity
-showed the physical control of behavior

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empiricism

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you gather information through observation rather than logic, intuition or other means

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Luigi Galvani

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-1700s italian physiologist
-showed that he could make a frogs leg muscle twitch by stimulating the attached nerve with electricity even after the nerve and muscle was removed

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Gustav Fritsch + Eduard Hitzig

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produced movement in dogs by electrically stimulating their exposed brains

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localization

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the idea that specific areas of the brain carry out specific functions

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paul Broca

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performed a brain autopsy on a man who lost his ability to speak after a stroke and saw the damage was limited to the left side of the brain

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phrenology

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the belief that each of the 35 different "faculties" of emotion and intelligence such as combativeness, inhabitiveness (love of home), calculation and order was located in a precise area of the brain

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equipotentiality

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belief that the brain functions as an undifferentiated whole, the extent of damage not the location, is what determines how much function is lost

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Gene

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-is the biological unit that directs cellular processes and transmits inherited characteristics
-most genes are found on the chromosomes which are located in the nucleus of each cell

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mitochondria

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a few genes in structures outside the nucleus

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every body cell in the human body has ___ chromosomes, arranged in ___pairs

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46 chromosomes
23 pairs

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zygote

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fertilized egg
undergoes rapid cell division and development to become a functioning organism

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embryo

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for the first 8 weeks after being zygote

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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-is a double stranded chain of chemical molecules that look like a ladder that has been twisted around itself
-also called double helix
-each rung of the ladder is composed of two of the four bases (A,T,G,C)

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the four bases in DNA

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1. Adenine (A)
2. Thymine (T)
3. Guanine (G)
4. Cytosine (C)

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Genes provide the direction...

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for making proteins

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enzymes

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act as catalysts- modifying chemical reactions in the body

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dominant gene

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will produce its effect regardless of the other paired gene

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recessive gene

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it will have an influence only if its paired with another recessive gene on the other side

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x linked

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-a characteristic produced by an unpaired gene on the x chromosome
-x linkage explains why for example males are red-green color blind more than girls becuase the Y chromosomes is shorter, some genes on the x chromosomes are not paired with a gene on the y chromosome

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homozygous

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same genes

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heterozygous

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different genes

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phenotype

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characteristic on an individual

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genotype

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the combination of genes an individual has

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polygenic

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-when characteristics are determined by several genes rather than a single gene pair
-example: height, behavior characteristics

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some behavior characteristics that are inheritable

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-alcoholism
-personality characteristics
-sexual orientation

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Genes control the production of proteins-->

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which affects the development of brain structures, the production of neural transmitters and receptors that respond to them and functioning of the glandular system

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genome

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all the genes in our chromosomes

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human genome project

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-goal was to map the location of all the genes on the human chromosomes and to determine the gene's code (the order of the bases within the gene)
-discovered that 97% of our DNA does not encode proteins and is called "junk proteins"

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natural selection

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the better ability to adapt the more likely to survive and transmit their genes to their offsprings

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genes are constantly changing, producing more or less protein

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functioning genes are even controlled by experience

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heritability

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is the percentage of the variation in a characteristic that can be attributed to genetic factors

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vulnerability

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-means that genes contribute a predisposition for the disorder that may or may not exceed the threshold required to produce the disorder
-example: environment like neglect may combined with hereditary susceptibility
-the combination of person's genes will determine a range of the person's potential characteristic, the environment will determine where that person will land in that range