Neuroscience Chapter 1

Front 1

Reticular theory

Back 1

each nerve cell is connected to neighbors by protoplasmic links.

Developed by Golgi. Replaced by the "neuron doctrine"

Front 2

Neuron doctrine

Back 2

nerve cells are separate entities connected at junctions called synapses

Front 3

Where are mitochondria and proein-synthetic organelles such as the ER located?

Back 3

Mitochondria are most densely located at the synapse while protein-synthetic organelles are usually located in the cell body.

Front 4

The presynaptic terminal is to the output as the ________ is to the receiver.

Back 4

postsynaptic specialization

Front 5

what types of neurons have axons which extend to distant targets?

Back 5

projection neurons.

Front 6

most synapses are chemical or electrical?

Back 6

chemical (though some electrical synapses exist as rare entities)

Front 7

where is the microtubule binding protein TAU predoinately located in the nerve cell.

Back 7

The axon.

Front 8

name the 3 types of glial cells in the CNS

Back 8

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, microglia

Front 9

Astrocytes

Back 9

-restricted to the CNS
-star like appearance
-maintain appropriate chemical environment

Front 10

Oligodendrocytes

Back 10

-restricted to the CNS
-lay down a laminated lipid rich wrapping of myelin around some but not all axons.

Front 11

Schwann cells

Back 11

PNS myelinating cells.

Front 12

microglial cells

Back 12

-derived from hematopoetic precursors
-share properties with macrophages
-secrete signalling molecules like cytokines of the immune system

Front 13

the nissl method of staining stains what portion of the nerve cell?

Back 13

the cell body (not the projections)

Front 14

neuropil

Back 14

dense tangle of dendrites axon terminals and glial cell processes. Constitutes the regions between nerve cell bodies where most synaptic connectivity occurs.

Front 15

afferent vs efferent

Back 15

afferent = toward the brain

efferent = away from the brain.

Front 16

myotactic spinal reflex

Back 16

afferent neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion and whose peripheral axons terminate in the sensory endings of skeletal muscle.

the motor neurons are triggered in the ventral root.

Front 17

increased stimulus leads to what effect on neuronal activity

Back 17

increased frequency of conduction

Front 18

associational systems

Back 18

lie between motor and sensory systems mediate the complex and least characterized brain functions.

AKA "Interneurons"

Front 19

somatic motor division

Back 19

connects the brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscle.

Front 20

visceral or autonomic nervous system

Back 20

innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Front 21

ganglia

Back 21

local accumulations of cell bodies and supporting cells in the peripheral nervous system

Front 22

cortex

Back 22

a sheet like array of nerve cells.

Front 23

tracts

Back 23

gathering of axons in the CNS similar to nerves of the peripheral nervous system.

Front 24

commisures

Back 24

tracts that cross the midline of the brain.

Front 25

gray matter

Back 25

accumulations of cell bodies and neuropil in the brain or spinal cord.

Front 26

white matter

Back 26

white due to lipid content of myelin. consists of axon tracts and commisures.

Front 27

where are ganglia located in the sympathetic division?

parasympathetic?

Back 27

sympathetic = along or in front of the vertebral column

parasympathetic = near the organs they innervate.

Front 28

enteric nervous system

Back 28

component of the visceral motor system made up of small ganglia as well as individual neurons scattered throughout the wall of the gut. Lead to gastric motility and secretion

gastro"ENTER"ology

Front 29

Lesion studies.

Back 29

permanent damage of nerve cells in animals to determine loss of function.

Front 30

anterograde is ___ward
retrograde is ___ward

Back 30

anterograde = forward
retrograde = backward

Front 31

receptive field

Back 31

the region in sensory space which elicits the greatest action potential response.

Front 32

CT (Computerized Tomography)

Back 32

computerized tomography - creates a 3D radiodensity map. uses a narrow X-ray beam and a row of very sensitive detectors placed on opposite sides of the head to create a density map

Front 33

MRI

Back 33

nuclei spins in a magnetic field

Front 34

PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

Back 34

positron emitting isotopes accumulate in metabolically active areas.