Neuroscience Ch. 1 - 7

Front 1

Golgi stain

Back 1

stains a few cell bodies and neurites

Front 2

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Back 2

used the Golgi stain, drew what he saw; he established the neuron doctrine

Front 3

Neuron doctrine

Back 3

neurons are discrete units with a synapse in between them

Front 4

Nissl stain

Back 4

stains ALL cell bodies, use to find the number of neurons and how they are packaged

Front 5

plasma membrane (what is it made of?)

Back 5

barrier made of a phospholipid bilayer; scattered proteins that act as channels, PROTEINS CONVEY FUNCTION

Front 6

soma

Back 6

cell body, contains mitochondria, cytosol, ribosomes, and a nucleus with 46 chromosomes; mRNA transcripted here and ribosomes make proteins (for channels)

Front 7

mitochondria (what do they do?)

Back 7

make ATP (energy), neurons are the most energy-hungry cells; all your mitochondria come from your mother

Front 8

cytoskeleton contains...

Back 8

microtubules (20), neurofilaments (10) and microfilaments (5)

Front 9

neurites

Back 9

dendrites, axons and all processes that extend from the cell body; dendrites = branch like trees (spiny in mentally retarded infants), axons = branch at 90 deg. angles

Front 10

anterograde axonal transport

Back 10

transport from cell body to axons (by kinesin)

Front 11

retrograde axonal transport

Back 11

from the axons to the cell body (backwards)

Front 12

synapse

Back 12

site of functional contact between neurons, vesicles dump NT into synaptic cleft, hundreds of thousands synaptic connections

Front 13

special properties of neurons

Back 13

no division after birth, infinite variety of shapes, excitability, can convert electrical signals to chemical signals

Front 14

types of neurons by number

Back 14

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

Front 15

types of neurons by connections

Back 15

sensory, motor, interneurons

Front 16

types of neurons by axon length

Back 16

Golgi type 1 (long), Golgi type 2 (short)

Front 17

types of glia

Back 17

astrocytes, myelinating glia (oligodendroglia, Schwann cells)

Front 18

astrocytes

Back 18

pumps that pump in potassium, form one part of the blood-brain barrier

Front 19

oligodendroglia

Back 19

myelinate the axons in the CNS

Front 20

Schwann cells

Back 20

myelinate the axons in the PNS

Front 21

4 major players in neuronal membrane

Back 21

calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride

Front 22

current

Back 22

the movement of POSITIVE charges

Front 23

proteins

Back 23

amino acids come together to form proteins, have a tendency to coil because of their charge, many proteins = channel

Front 24

sodium-potassium pumps

Back 24

pump sodium out and potassium in, uses a lot of ATP

Front 25

diffusion

Back 25

movement of ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (flow down the concentration gradient

Front 26

electricity

Back 26

opposites attract, current is the flow of POSITIVE charge

Front 27

resting membrane potential

Back 27

when the neuron is at rest, the voltage across the membrane (Vm) is -65 mV (more K inside, more Na outside)

Front 28

equilibrium potential of K+

Back 28

-80 mV (moves outward)

Front 29

equilibrium potential of Na+

Back 29

62 mV (moves inward)

Front 30

equilibrium potential of Ca2+

Back 30

123 mV (moves inward)

Front 31

equilibrium potential of Cl-

Back 31

-65 mV (stays, or almost always goes inward)

Front 32

spike initiation zone

Back 32

where the action potential starts (the axon hillock in a sensory neuron)

Front 33

neuron at rest is selectively permeable to...

Back 33

K+

Front 34

TTX, saxitoxin and batrachtoxin affect...

Back 34

voltage gated Na+ channels

Front 35

local anesthetics will...

Back 35

block voltage gated Na+ channels

Front 36

saltatory conduction

Back 36

impulse skips from node to node, over the areas sheathed in myelin

Front 37

steps of synaptic transmission

Back 37

1. presynaptic AP arrives
2. depolarization of axon terminal
3. voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
4. calcium enters axon terminal
5. movement of docked synaptic vesicles
6. exocytosis (NT release)

Front 38

axodendritic synapse

Back 38

axon synapses on a dendrite, most common

Front 39

axosomatic synapse

Back 39

axon synapses on a soma

Front 40

axoaxonic synapse

Back 40

axon synapses on another axon

Front 41

neuromuscular junction

Back 41

from muscle fiber to motor neuron, AP goes down the motor neuron and causes release of ACh then a cascade of events which ends in a muscle contraction

Front 42

neurotransmitter types

Back 42

amino acids: Gly, Glu, GABA
amines: ACh, DA, NE, 5-HT
peptides: oxytocin, somatostatin

Front 43

reuptake

Back 43

main mechanism for cleaning up NT's are proteins (like vacuums), but ACh is terminated via enzymatic destruction

Front 44

AChE

Back 44

an enzyme that degrades ACh to terminate the synaptic transmission signals

Front 45

voltage gated sodium channels

Back 45

1. They open with little delay
2. Stay open for about 1 msec then snap shut
3. Cannot be opened again until the membrane potential returns to a neg. value near threshold

Front 46

voltage gated potassium channels

Back 46

Open in response to the depolarization of the membrane, but DO NOT OPEN IMMEDIATELY (takes about 1 msec after depolarization for them to open)

Front 47

EPSP

Back 47

if open channels are permeable to Na+, the effect will be to depolarize (excitatory - GOES IN)

Front 48

IPSP

Back 48

if open channels are permeable to Cl-, the effect is hyperpolarization (inhibitory - GOES OUT)

Front 49

temporal summation

Back 49

adding together of EPSPs generated at the same synapse in rapid succession

Front 50

spatial summation

Back 50

the adding together of EPSPs generated simultaneously at different synapses on a dendrite

Front 51

G-protein coupled receptors

Back 51

membrane proteins that activate G-protein when they bind with a neurotransmitter

Front 52

active zones

Back 52

the actual sites of neurotransmitter release (on the presynaptic side)

Front 53

autoreceptors

Back 53

presynaptic receptors that are sensitive to the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic terminal

Front 54

Botox

Back 54

affects ACh release (muscles don't work, neuromuscular junction affected)

Front 55

black widow spider venom

Back 55

affects ACh release (binds outside presynaptic membrane, forms holes)

Front 56

Tetanus toxin

Back 56

GABA release (combines and takes out inhibitory proteins, motor neurons keep firing - seizure, total muscle contraction)

Front 57

Amphetamines

Back 57

NE, DA release (very excitatory, releases way too much)

Front 58

crack cocaine

Back 58

prevents the reuptake of NE and DA

Front 59

antidepressants

Back 59

drugs that slow reuptake of 5-HT and NE

Front 60

immunocytochemistry

Back 60

using labeled antibodies to find the location of an NT in cells

Front 61

agonists at cholinergic receptors (ACh)

Back 61

nicotine and muscarine

Front 62

antagonists at cholinergic receptors (ACh)

Back 62

curare and atropine

Front 63

acetylcholine (ACh)

Back 63

amine very important for sleep/arousal/learning/memory, etc., Alzheimer's

Front 64

catecholamines

Back 64

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Front 65

dopamine (DA)

Back 65

addictive behavior, psychiatric disorders, reward system, in the ventral tegmental area

Front 66

norepinephrine (NE)

Back 66

in locus coerulecus; sleep, arousal, attention, novelty, etc.

Front 67

serotonin (5-HT)

Back 67

modulatory NT, Raphe nuclei; behavior = sleep, aggression, appetite, mood, etc.; SSRI's block the reuptake of 5-HT

Front 68

GABA

Back 68

inhibitory, combines with receptors

Front 69

glutamate

Back 69

(Glu) excitatory

Front 70

G-proteins

Back 70

can close/open K+ channels, second messenger formation and binding

Front 71

CNS

Back 71

brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem) and spinal cord

Front 72

spinal cord

Back 72

sensory info enters dorsally and motor info leaves ventrally

Front 73

skull and meninges

Back 73

dura mater - like leater
arachnoid mater - spidery
pia mater - clingy

Front 74

ventricular system

Back 74

choroid plexus makes CSF, all ventricles contain CSF

Front 75

PNS divides into...

Back 75

somatic and visceral (autonomic for motor neurons)

Front 76

collections of neurons

Back 76

gray matter - cell bodies, cortex, nucleus, ganglion

Front 77

collections of axons

Back 77

tracts, bundle, nerve, white matter, capsule

Front 78

dorsal

Back 78

toward back (spine)

Front 79

ventral

Back 79

toward stomach

Front 80

anterior

Back 80

forward movement (toward front)

Front 81

posterior

Back 81

backward movement (toward tail)

Front 82

midsagittal cut

Back 82

cuts between the eyes

Front 83

horizontal cut

Back 83

cuts off top of head

Front 84

coronal cut

Back 84

cuts off the face

Front 85

neural tube formation

Back 85

ectoderm - neural plate, 3rd week - neural groove, 4th week - neural tube/neural crest

Front 86

3 primary brain vesicles

Back 86

prosencephalon - forebrain
mesencephalon - midbrain
rhombencephalon - hindbrain

Front 87

during the 6th week...

Back 87

forebrain divides into telencephalon and diencephalon; hindbrain divides into metencephalon and myelencephalon

Front 88

mesencephalon development

Back 88

tectum (roof), cerebral aqueduct, tegmentum

Front 89

co-transmitters

Back 89

one of 2 or more different neurotransmitters that are released from a single presynaptic terminal

Front 90

rate-limiting step

Back 90

in the series of reactions that leads to the production of a chemical, the one step that limits the rate of synthesis