Neuroscience (6) - Ans And Hypothalamus

Front 1

What is the basic function of the Hypothalamus? What are some specific functions that the Hypothalamus is important in?

Back 1

-Maintain body Homeostasis
-Mood, Emotion, Sexual Pleasure, Satiation, Rage, and Fear

Front 2

Where is the Hypothalamus Located?

Back 2

Most Inferior Part of Diencephalon

Front 3

What is the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei Involved in?

Back 3

Regulating Day and Night Cycle

Front 4

Which Artery is the Primary Blood Supply of the Hypothalamus?

Back 4

Posterior Communicating Artery

Front 5

Where does the Hypothalamus receive Inputs from? What do this inputs function in?

Back 5

-Nucleus of the Solitary Tract - Visceral Sensory Information
-Reticular Formation - From Spinal Cord
-Retina - Fibers from Optic Nerve (Light/Dark Cycle)
-Limbic and Olfactory Systems - From Amygdala, Hippocampus, and Olfactory Cortex (Eating and Reproduction)

Front 6

Where does the Hypothalamus send output to?

Back 6

-Autonomic Nervous System - From the Lateral Hypothalamus to the Lateral Medulla
-Endocrine Signals to/through the Pituitary

Front 7

With which organ does the Hypothalamus send a Uni-directional Efferent Connection only

Back 7

Pituitary

Front 8

What are the Circumventricular Organs? What is the importance of their input to the Hypothalamus?

Back 8

-Specific Nuclear Groups with limited BBB
-Allows the Hypothalamus to Monitor Blood Proteins and Release Proteins into the Blood
-Also allows monitoring of temperature, osmolality, glucose, and local hormones

Front 9

What role do the Anterior Hypothalamic Nuclei play in Temperature Regulation?

Back 9

-Heat Dissipation Center
-Estrogen Receptors
-Lesion leads to Hyperthermia

Front 10

What role do the Posterior Hypothalamic Nuclei play in Temperature Regulation?

Back 10

-Heat Conservation Center
-Bilateral Lesion: Inability to Raise Core Temperature, may result in complete loss of ability to thermoregulate

Front 11

Which part of the Hypothalamus Inhibits Feeding Behavior?

Back 11

Ventromedial Nucleus

Front 12

Which part of the Hypothalamus Stimulates Food Intake?

Back 12

Lateral Hypothalamus

Front 13

If a patient suffers a Bilateral Lesion in the in the Ventromedial Nucleus, what is likely to happen?

Back 13

Increased Eating

Front 14

If a patient suffers a Bilateral Lesion in the in the Lateral Hypothalamus, what is likely to happen?

Back 14

Decreased Eating

Front 15

What function do Leptins serve in Hypothalamic Circuits?

Back 15

Important for Feeding and Energy

Front 16

Sam Abebe tells you that his lion cage cleaner's son has a gene defect where he doesn't produce Leptins. What does this kid look like?

Back 16

Fat

Front 17

What are the 3 Subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Back 17

-Enteric (Digestive Reflexes)
-Sympathetic
-Parasympathetic

Front 18

Where do ANS Preganglionic Neurons Axons Synapse exit the Spinal Cord? Where do they Synapse?

Back 18

-Postganglionic Neurons in Autonomic Ganglia outside the CNS

Front 19

What are the 2 NTs used in the ANS?

Back 19

-ACh
-NE

Front 20

What types of NTs are used in Parasympathetic Preganglionics? Parasympathetic Postganglionics?

Back 20

-ACh
-ACh

Front 21

What types of NTs are used in Sympathetic Preganglionics? Sympathetic Postganglionics?

Back 21

-ACh
-Mostly NE and Some ACh

Front 22

Length of Preganglionics.
Sympathetic? Parasympathetic?

Back 22

-Short
-Long

Front 23

Sympathetic Prevertebral Ganglia.

Back 23

-Celiac Ganglion
-Aorticorenal Ganglion
-Superior Mesenteric Ganglion
-Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion
-Terminal Ganglia
-Adrenal Medulla

Front 24

What does Parasympathetic Activation do to Pupil Size?

Back 24

Constricts

Front 25

The Ciliary Ganglion contains Postganglionic Parasympathetic Cell Bodies of which Cranial Nerve?

Back 25

Oculomotor

Front 26

The Pterygopalatine Ganglion contains Postganglionic Parasympathetic Cell Bodies of which Cranial Nerve?

Back 26

Facial

Front 27

The Submandibular Ganglion contains Postganglionic Parasympathetic Cell Bodies of which Cranial Nerve?

Back 27

Facial

Front 28

The Otic Ganglion contains Postganglionic Parasympathetic Cell Bodies of which Cranial Nerve?

Back 28

Glossopharyngeal

Front 29

The Multiplethoracic and Abdominal Ganglion contains Postganglionic Parasympathetic Cell Bodies of which Cranial Nerve?

Back 29

Vagus

Front 30

Which Cranial Nerve is Responsible for Parasympathetic Innervation of the Pupil? What results?

Back 30

-Oculomotor Nerve
-Constriction

Front 31

What is Horner's Syndrome?

Back 31

-Lesion to Sympathetics results in: Loss of Sweating, Pupil Constriction, and Lid Droop

Front 32

What Controls Micturition?

Back 32

Pontine Micturition Center

Front 33

Where is the Sympathetic Control on Micturition? What nerves carries it? Where does it synapse? What function does it serve?

Back 33

-T10-L2
-Hypogastric Nerve
-Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion
-Stops Peeing - Relaxes Detrusor and Contracts Internal Sphincter

Front 34

Where is the Parasympathetic Control on Micturition? What nerves carries it? Where does it synapse? What function does it serve?

Back 34

-S2-S4
-Pelvic Nerve
-Starts Peeing - Contracts Detrusor Muscle and Relaxes Sphincter

Front 35

Where is the Voluntary control of Voiding from?

Back 35

Somatic Motor (S2-S4)

Front 36

Describe the Spinal Reflex Loop for Bladder Control?

Back 36

-Sensory Feedback
-Parasympathetics Excites the Detrusor Muscle (Bladder Wall)
-Parasympathetic Inhibits Urinary Sphincters
-Bladder Empties

Front 37

During FIlling of the Bladder, what types of Nerve Fibers are active? Why?

Back 37

-Sympathetic
-Inhibits Parasympathetic Emptying

Front 38

What is "Lower Motor Neuron Bladder"?

Back 38

-Nonreflexive Bladder
-Loss of Parasympathetic Ability to Initiate Micturition
-No Voluntary COntrol of External Sphincter
-Bottom Line: Bladder Fill to Max Capacity, Urinary Retention

Front 39

What is going on?
-Nonreflexive Bladder
-Loss of Parasympathetic Ability to Initiate Micturition
-No Voluntary COntrol of External Sphincter
-Bottom Line: Bladder Fill to Max Capacity, Urinary Retention

Back 39

"Lower Motor Neuron Bladder"

Front 40

What is "Upper Motor Neuron Bladder"?

Back 40

-Follows Loss of Input from Pontine Micturition Center
-Hyperactivity - Reflexive Emptying but not Full Emptying, Increased Sphincter Tone

Front 41

Describe the Mituration Reflex.

Back 41

-Stretch Receptors Fire
-Parasympathetic Neurons Fire, Motor Neurons stop Firing
-Smooth Muscle Contracts, the Internal Sphincter is passively pulled open, External Sphincter (Voluntarily) Relaxes

Front 42

What is "Uninhibited Bladder"? What Results?

Back 42

-Loss of Cortical Input
-Leads to Urinary Incontinence
-No Urinary Retention because Detrusor-Sphincter Loop is still intact