Neuroscience

Front 1

nodes of Ranvier

Back 1

gaps between segments of myelin

Front 2

Astrocytes

Back 2

-absorb and recycle neurotransmitters

-regulate blood-brain barrier

-regulate nutrient and gas concentrations

Front 3

Oligodendrocytes

Back 3

-Myelinate CNS axons

Front 4

Microglia

Back 4

Remove cellular debris and pathogens

Front 5

Ependymal cells

Back 5

Help in production, circulation, and monitoring of cerebral spinal fluid

Front 6

Norepinephrine Synthesis

Back 6

Tyrosine --> DOPA --> Dopamine --> NE

Front 7

Acetylcholine Synthesis

Back 7

Choline + Acetyl-CoA = Acetylcholine

Front 8

Na/K Concentration

Back 8

Inside the cell: high K

Outside the cell: high Na

Front 9

Action Potential

Back 9

1. Voltage-gated Na channels open (bc of depolarization) and Na rushes into cell.


2. Na channels close and voltage-gated K channels open, letting K rush out of the cell.

Front 10

Curare

Back 10

DRUG

blocks ACh receptors

Leads to paralysis by blocking nerve impulses to muscles

Front 11

Botulism toxin

Back 11

DRUG

-prevents release of ACh from presynaptic membrane

-results in paralysis

Front 12

Anticholinesterases

Back 12

DRUG

NERVE GAS

-inhibit activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Acetylcholine is NOT degraded and continues to affect receptors.

-No coordinated muscular contractions take place

Front 13

Afferent neurons

Back 13

Neurons that carry sensory info

Front 14

Efferent neurons

Back 14

Carry motor commands

Front 15

CNS Divisions

Back 15

1. Prosencephalon

2. Mesencephalon

3. Rhombencephalon

Front 16

Prosencephalon

Back 16

FOREBRAIN

Consists of:
1. telencephalon

2. diencephalon

Front 17

Telencephalon

Back 17

PART OF THE PROSENCEPHALON

Components:
1. Cerebral cortex
2. Olfactory bulb

Front 18

Diencephalon

Back 18

PART OF THE PROSENCEPHALON

Components:
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus

Front 19

Thalamus

Back 19

Relay and integration center for spinal cord and cerebral cortex

Front 20

Hypothalamus

Back 20

Controls hunger, thirst, sex drive, water balance, blood pressure, and temp regulation

Also important for endocrine system

Front 21

Mesencephalon

Back 21

MIDBRAIN

Relay center for visual and auditory impulses

IMP for motor control

Front 22

Rhombencephalon

Back 22

HINDBRAIN

Consists of:
1. Cerebellum
2. Pons
3. Medulla

Front 23

Cerebellum

Back 23

PART OF RHOMBENCEPHALON

-helps modulate motor impulses

-imp for balance, hand-eye coordination, and rapid movements

Front 24

Pons

Back 24

PART OF RHOMBENCEPHALON

-Allows cortex to communicate with cerebellum

Front 25

Medulla

Back 25

PART OF RHOMBENCEPHALON

Controls breathing, heart rate, and gastrointestinal activity

Front 26

Spinal Cord

Back 26

-Sensory info enters spinal cord through the dorsal horn.

-All motor info exits the spinal cord through the ventral horn

Front 27

Somatic nervous system

Back 27

-Responsible for voluntary movement

Front 28

Automatic nervous system

Back 28

-Regulates body's internal environment without aid of conscious control.

Two subdivisions:
1. sympathetic NS
2. Parasympathetic NS

Front 29

Sympathetic NS

Back 29

-Responsible for "fight or flight" responses

-increases blood pressure and heart rate

-increases blood flow to muscles

-decreases gut motility

-dilates bronchioles for increased gas exchange

-NE is primary NT

-Dilates pupil

Front 30

Parasympathetic NS

Back 30

-Conserves energy

-Lower heart rate

-Increase gut motility

Front 31

Cones

Back 31

-Sensitive to color

-respond to high-intensity illumination

Front 32

Rods

Back 32

-Sensitive to night vision

-respond to low-intensity illumination

Front 33

Path of light

Back 33

Rods/cones --> bipolar cells --> ganglion cells --> optic nerve

Front 34

myopia

Back 34

nearsightedness

Front 35

Hyperopia

Back 35

farsightedness