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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 3 functions of the nervous system
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Input, integration, output
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What are the divisions of the NS?
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Peripheral and Central
Peripheral --> somatic and autonomic Autonomic--> parasympathetic and sympathetic |
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What are the 3 portions of the brainstem?
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Midbrain, pons, and medulla
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What is special about the cranial nerves 1 and 2?
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They are outgrowths of the CNS
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What are the 3 main subcortical structures??
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Diencephalon
Basal Ganglia Cerebellum |
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What two areas make up the diencephalon?
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Thalamus and hypothalamus
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Where does the spinal cord technically end?
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T12, and then cauda equina to S5
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What is white matter?
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myelinated axons
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What is grey matter?
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cell bodies
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What are the two main areas of white matter in the brain?
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Internal capsule and corpus callosum
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What does EPSP stand for?
What does IPSP stand for? |
Excitatory post-synaptic potential
Inhibatory post-synaptic potential |
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What does the limbic system do, and what are its 5 parts?
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Plays a role in memory and emotion
1) cingulate sulcus and gyrus, 2) parahippocampal gyrus, 3) Uncus, 4) Isthmus, 5) Amygdala |
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What are the 5 lobes of the brain?
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Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Limbic lobe |
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What are the two major white matter formations in the brain?
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Corpus collosum
Internal capsule |
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What does EPSP and IPSP stand for?
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Excitatory post synaptic potential
Inhibitory post synaptic potential |
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What does the insular lobe do?
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Responds to very foul smells and situations, strongly negative feelings
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Where are perkinje cells located?
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cerebellar cortex
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Where are pyramidal cells found?
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cerebral cortex
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Where are bipolar cells located?
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Olfactory bulb and retina
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Where are pseudounipolar neurons located?
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peripheral NS
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What is morphogenesis?
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Process by which nervous system takes its shape
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What is histogenesis?
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Process by which nervous tissue differentiates and makes connections/communications
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What is gastrolation and when does it begin?
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Begins 3 weeks after conception, and it is when a 2 layered disc divides into 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
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What does the endoderm become?
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Organs of respiration, digestion, and cardiopulm
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What does the mesoderm become?
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musculoskeletal
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What does the ectoderm become?
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Skin, nervous system
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What is neurolation and when does it begin?
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During 3rd week, ectoderm forms neural plate, folds and inward and becomes the neural tube, tube closes from the center moving up and down--> CNS
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What does the notocord become
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vertebral bodies
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What are neuro crest cells?
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go on to become PNS
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What is the sulcus limitans
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groove that appears in middle of neural tube that differentiates motor (anterior) and sensory (posterior)
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What is vesciculation?
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bulges and flexures in neural tube as it differentiates into 3 brain areas
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What does the prosencephalon become?
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Telencephalon --> Cerebral cortex
Diencephalon --> Thalamus, hypothalamus |
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What does the mesencephalon become?
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Midbrain
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What does the cephalic flexure separate?
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Prosencephalon and mesencephalon
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What does the rhombencephalon become?
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Metencephalon --> cerebellum and pons
Myelincephalon --> medulla |
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What does fractionation of movement mean?
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moving isolate muscles
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Where is the T10 dermatomal line?
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umbelicus
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Where is the T4 dermatomal line?
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nipples
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A) Posterolateral sulcus
B) Posterior intermediate sulcus C) Posterior median fissure D) Lissauer's tract E) Anterior white commissure F) Anterior median fissure |
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What runs through the anterior median fissure?
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anterior spinal artery
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What is unique about the posterior intermediate sulcus?
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It is only found in cervical vertebrae
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What is the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus?
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Gracilis- is in the posterior medial column containing LE sensory
Cuneatus- is in the posterior lateral column containing UE sensory |
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What are the 2 grey matter subdivision
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1) Lamina of rexed- 10 subdivision based on histological differences
2) Posterior, anterior horns and intermediate grey |
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What is found in the intermediate frey?
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Autonomic neurons and interneuron cell bodies
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Understand what happens in terms of differentiation of the motor/autonomic/sensory in the spinal cord and brain stem
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Spinal cord- A/P- Motor, autonomic, sensory
Brainstem- M/L- (becomes squished) Motor, autonomic, sensory |
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What is the reticular formation?
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Where respiration, consciousness, and complex motor patterns are found
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Where is the 4th ventricle located?
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Between pons and cerebellum and extending down to rostral medulla
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What do the basil pons and pyramids do and where are they each located?
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Motor control
BP located in pons Pyramids located in medulla |
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What things are unique about CN IV?
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only CN that innervates the contralateral side.
Also only CN that exits the brainstem posteriorly |
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What are the major sensory modalities?
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olfaction, touch, temperature, proprioception, nociception
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What is the receptor potential refer to?
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it is something that increases or decreases the likelihood that an action potential will occur
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What is Weber's law?
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Size of just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the original stimulus value. i.e. shouting to hear each other in a loud bar
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What are receptive fields and what changes at different areas in the body?
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i.e. two point discrimination
smaller receptive field distally (hands) larger receptive field proximally |
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What are some types of pain?
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Nociceptive
Neuropathic Acute Chronic Cutaneous Musculoskeletal |
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What are the 2 types of pain fibers?
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A-delta: sharp prickling pain, thinly myelinated, first stage of pain
C-fibers: Dull, aching, diffusely localized, unmyelinated, chemo and thermoreceptors, associated with autonomic and emotional responses |
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What is Substance P?
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Inflammation induced substance that causes vasodilation and release of mast cells (i.e. histamine), lowers pain threshold
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What is allodynia?
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When pain threshold is lowered, a non-painful stimuli is perceived as pain. Due to the release of Substance P
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When are hot and cold receptors activated?
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Hot and cold are both activated during middle tempuratures, but during extreme cold, only cold receptors are activated, and vice versa. They are communicated through A-delta and C fibers
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What does the spinothalamic tract carry?
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Pain and temperature information
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Where are the 3 nuclei in the spinothalamic tract?
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1) DRG
2) Substantia gelatinosa 3) VLP in thalamus |
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Where does the spinothalamic tract decussate?
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Anterior white commissure
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How is the spinothalamic tract tested?
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sharp-dull test
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Where does the spinothalamic tract end?
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post-central gyrus in parietal lobe, with collateral branches going to hypothalamus, and reticular formation
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What is the significance of Lissauer's tract?
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primary afferent neuron enters at dermatomal level and fans out in lissaur's tract (up and down a few levels) before communicated with 2nd order neurons in SG
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What doe muscle spindles do and where are they?
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Located in muscle belly
Detect muscle length change Triggered in DTR's Stimulated by Gamma motor neurons Sensory component that sends afferent info about muscle length |
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What are gamma motor neurons?
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Signals to keep muscle spindle taut relative to muscle fibers. There is a co-activation between alpha and gamma motor neurons so that when muscle cells contract, so do muscle spindles
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What are golgi tendon organs and where are they found?
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Detects muscle tension, found in musculo-tendinous junction.
Communicate through 1b afferent |
