Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is Neuropsychology?
|
The study of how the brain relates to human cognition, behavior, and emotion.
|
|
|
What is the purpose of Neuropsychology?
|
To make clinical judgements regarding the functional integrity of the brain and of specific effects of (sometimes known) brain pathology based on assessment and analysis of these functions.
|
|
|
What are the tasks (2) of a Neuropsychologist?
|
1. To asses and analyze the cognitive, and behavior functions in order to identify a disorder.
2. Integrate information into a neuroanatomically meaningful syndrome to make specific recommendations for the treatment and management of deficits. |
|
|
Who was Rene Descartes?
|
Believed that mental processes occurred in our brain tissue.
|
|
|
What was Phrenology?
|
(Gall and Spurzheim)
Related traits to specific features on the skull |
|
|
Who was Pierre Flourens?
|
Discredited phrenologists.
Believed in mass action and equipotentiality. Made lesions in the brains of birds. |
|
|
What is Mass Action?
|
Effect of a lesion is proportional to the amount/mass (not location) of the damaged tissue.
|
|
|
What is Equipotentiality?
|
Each area of the cortex is equally able to assume a given function.
|
|
|
Who was Paul Broca?
|
Strict localizationist.
Localized fluent speech to the left frontal lobe. "Broca's Area" |
|
|
What was Carl Wernicke?
|
Localizationist.
Provided model for how language is located in the left hemisphere. "Diagram Maker" |
|
|
Who was Donald Hebb?
|
Tried to integrate localizationist and mass action doctrines
|
|
|
Who was Norman Geschwind?
|
Significant impact on how we understand syndromes associated with brain lesions. (Especially Aphasia)
Expanded upon Wernicke's theory. |
|
|
Who was A.R. Luria?
|
Sophisticated integration of localization and mass action/equipotentiality doctrines.
|
|
|
Who was Ward Halstead?
|
Created the first Neuropsychology lab in the U.S. at the University of Chicago in 1935.
|
|
|
What are the three major subdivisions of the brain?
|
Brainstem
Cerebellum Cortex |
|
|
How thick is the cortex?
|
about 3 mm
|
|
|
What are the three primary fissures?
|
Inter hemispheric fissure (Longitudinal)
Central Fissure (Rolandic) Sylvian Fissure (Lateral) |
|
|
Describe the Cerebellum
|
Involved in motor coordination, muscle tone, and postural adjustments
Finger to nose tests Intention tremors |
|
|
What are the 4 parts of the Brainstem?
|
Medulla
Pons Midbrain Diencephalon |
|
|
Describe the Medulla
|
Sits of the spinal cord.
Involved in blood pressure, heart rate, breathing |
|
|
Describe the pons.
|
"Bridge"
Involved in arousal and sleep |
|
|
Describe the midbrain.
|
Tectum (roof) and Tegmentum (floor)
Tectum: 4 Colliculli |
|
|
What are the two parts of the diencephalon?
|
The thalamus and the hypothalamus.
|
|
|
What are the 4 parts of the Basal Ganglia?
|
Caudate, Putamen, Globus Pallidus, and Substantia Nigra.
|
|
|
Describe the Limbic System.
|
Involved in memory and emotion.
Includes the amygdala, the hippocampus and the cingulate gyrus. |
|
|
Name all layers of the meninges.
|
Pia mater
Sub arachnoid layer (filled with CSF) Arachnoid mater Sub dural space Dura Mater Epi Dura Space |
|
|
What are the functions of the parietal lobes?
|
Tactile (Somatosensory) sensations
Position sense Spatial relations Left: sequential and logical and spatial abilities. Right: holistic appreciation of spatial information, conceptualizing complex spatial relations |
|
|
What are the functions of the temporal lobes?
|
Auditory and olfactory abilities
Visual item recognition Integrate emotion and sensory information Mediate memory functioning Left: verbal and sequential functions, language comprehension, new verbal learning and memory. Right: non-verbal functions, non-verbal learning and memory. |
|
|
What are the functions of the occipital lobe?
|
Mediate sight, visual perception and knowledge
|
|
|
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
|
Motor functions, executive functions (decision making/cognitive, planning/organization).
|
|
|
Explain the three sensory cortical zones.
|
Primary: areas where incoming sensory information is projected to modality-specific neurons. Organized Topographically. "Homonculus" on the post-central gyrus.
Seconday: Areas that receive modality specific information from the primary zones and integrate it into meaningful wholes. Tertiary: areas where information from different sense modalities get integrated. |
|
|
Explain the three motor cortical zones.
|
Primary: Forms plan of action
Seconday: Organizes the information. Tertiary: movement/implementing motor patterns |
|
|
What are the three types of white matter fibers?
|
1. Projection
2. Association 3. Commissural |
|
|
Explain Projection fibers
|
Convey impulses to the cortex from different sites and vice versa.
ie: internal capsule |
|
|
Explain Association fibers
|
Interconnect cortical regions of the ipsilateral hemispheres.
Short association fibers and long association fibers |
|
|
What are short association fibers?
|
Also known as arcuate or U fibers.
Connect adjacent cortical areas to one another Remain intracortical, don't dip into the white matter. |
|
|
What are long association fibers?
|
Bundles of fibers that provide for communication between the frontal lobes and all of the other lobes.
ie: cingulum, superior occipitofrontal tract, inferior occipitofrontal tract, arcuate tract, inferior longitudinal tract, ucinate tract. |
|
|
Explain Commissual Fibers
|
Connect similar regions in both hemispheres.
ie: anterior commissure, corpus callosum, posterior commissure, hippocampal commissure. |
|
|
What is disconnection syndrome?
|
One are of the brain is anatomically disconnected from another.
|
|
|
Explain CT scans
|
Computerized Tomography
Same principles as an X-Ray Pass X-Ray beams through brain tissue at many different angles Measures tissue density. Tissues of different density show different attenuation (absorption) |
|
|
What is hyperdense?
|
Dense tissue in a CT Scan. Appears White.
|
|
|
What is isodense?
|
Medium density tissue in a CT scan. Appears Greyish
|
|
|
What is hypodense?
|
Least dense tissue in a CT scan. Appears Black.
|
|
|
What are the benefits of using orbitomeatal line for CT scan?
|
Minimizes amount of radiation to the eyes.
Can image the whole brain in much fewer slices. |
|
|
What are the limitations to a CT?
|
Poor contrast between grey matter and white matter.
Ischemic strokes don't show for at least 6-12 hours |
|
|
What are the advantages of a CT?
|
Widely available
Quick Very Sensitive to acute hemorrhage Low Cost |
|
|
How does an acute hemorrhage appear on a CT scan?
|
Immediately: hyperdense
~1 week: isodense ~2-3 weeks: hypodense |
|
|
How does an MRI work?
|
1. static magnetic field aligns the atoms.
2. electrical coil emits a pulse sequence of radio waves at a particular frequency which displaces atoms. 3. When the pulse stops, atoms relax back in parallel with magnetic field (at this point the atoms produce a radio frequency). 4. Radio frequency and time to return to alignment is recorded through the coil. 5. Radiowave signal that is received by the coil indicates the H+ density of a particular substance in the brain. |
|
|
What is hyperintense?
|
Brighter areas on an MRI.
|
|
|
What is hypointense?
|
Darker areas on an MRI.
|
|
|
What are the advantages/disadvantages of a T1-weighted MRI?
|
Better for distinguishing grey vs. white matter.
Best for visualizing normal anatomy. |
|
|
What are the advantages/disadvantages of a T2-weighted MRI?
|
Better for distinguishing brain vs. CSF.
Highlights the fluid-containing regions Most brain lesions involve an increase in water content. |
|
|
What are the advantages/disadvantages of a FLAIR MRI?
|
Computer reconstruction of a T2.
Suppresses high-signals from normal fluid-filled spaces. Easier to see and increase in signals from abnormal water content associated with lesions Excellent contrast at Brain-CSF interfaces. White matter lesions especially visible. |
|
|
What are the advantages/disadvantages of a Diffusion weighted MRI?
|
GOOD FOR ACUTE ISCHEMIA
Helps differentiate acute ischemia from chronic infarcts. new (after about 30 minutes) = bright after 10-14 days = dark |
|
|
What are the advantages/disadvantages of a Gradient Echo MRI?
|
can reveal any type of hemorrhage from acute--> resolving--> old.
|
|
|
What are the advantages/disadvantages of a Susceptibility weighted MRI?
|
New technique being developed at children's hospital
Excellent for imaging small, diffuse hemorrhages not seen on other MRI modalities. |
|
|
What are the advantages/disadvantages of a Diffusion Tensor MRI?
|
Evaluates white matter/axonal structural integrity and direction.
Isotropic (water molecule diffusion similar in all directions) --> Anisotropic (diffusion is direction, parallel to axons) Fiber tract directionality is displayed in color-coded fashion. |
|
|
When you arrive at the doctor, in what sequence will they take images?
|
1. Axial T1 (Gross hemispheric abnormalities, symmetry and deformations)
2. Axial T2 (All CSF Spaces, hyper-intensities associated with lesions) 3. Axial FLAIR (Lesions adjacent to CSF) 4. Axial DWI (Acute Ischemia) 5. Sagittal T1 (lobar changes, Corpus Callosal Abnormalities, Midline ventricular) |
