Neuropsychology Ch 7 (189-197)

Front 1

Traditionally, scientists thought the motor system operated in

Back 1

top-down manner (hierarchically) 1 visual ctx at top

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sensory processing thought to proceed

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bottom-up, built up from fragments

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sensory association areas

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parietal lobes, basal ganglia, cerebellum

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secondary motor ctx

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supplementary motor area, premotor area (PMA) and cingulate motor area (CMA)

Front 5

motor output travels from

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motor areas to internal capsule, through spinal cord to muscles

Front 6

damage to cotor ctx results in

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hemiplegia (loss of voluntary movement on opposite side of body often caused by MCA stroke)

Front 7

supplementary motor area (SMA) or medial premotor ctx fxn

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planner of motor sequences, organization, sequential timing of movements, and intention to move

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SMA recieves input from

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posterior patietal association area, somatorsenosry strip, secondary somatorsenosry areas, and basal ganglia, and cerebellum, and premotor area (PMA)

Front 9

SMA outputs to

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bilateral primary motor ctx, basal ganaglia, and cerebellum

Front 10

Electrical microstimulation of SMA causes

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urge to move, bilateral movements of multiple muscles

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premotor area (PMA) role

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externally cued motor planning, sequencing and movement readiness

Front 12

premotor area (PMA) location

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lateral to SMA

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premotor area (PMA) inputs from

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posterior parietal areas,secondary somatosensory areas, more cerebullum input than SMA

Front 14

PMA has reciprical inputs with

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SMA

Front 15

PMA projects to

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primary motor ctx, reticular formation

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cingulate motor area (CMA) role

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role in emotion and motivantional impulse for movement

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impetus

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impulse

Front 18

cingulate motor area (CMA) location

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medial infolding of the frontal cingulate gyrus

Front 19

cingulate motor area (CMA) projections

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spinal cord, primary motor area

Front 20

damage to cingulate motor area (CMA)

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lose of spontaneous motor activity

Front 21

SMA and anterior cingulate together

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semantic premotor processing, intiation of speech

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additional motor processing areas and inputs

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posterior patietal lobes and dorsolateral prefrontal ctx/ inputs from somatosensory ctx vestibular system and visual system

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posterior areas of parietal lobes important in

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coordination of spatial mapping with motor programming

Front 24

sensory info travels to supplementary and premotor ctx regarding

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spatial postion of body and objects

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dorsolateral prefrontal ctx fxn and inputs

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initiation of motor behavior and executrive programming for movement w/ inputs from basal ganglia

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dominant hand usually

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10% faster and stronger than nondominant hand

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males perform better on/ females perform better on

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pure speed tests/ coordinated speed tests

Front 28

akinesia

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difficulty initiating and maintaining behavior

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motor perseveration

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difficulty stopping behavior

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defective response inhibiton

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motor response when it is not wanted

Front 31

Apraxia

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absense of action

Front 32

limb-kinetic (ideokinetic) apraxia/ structures involved

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problem executing precise, independent movements/ coritcospinal tract, basal ganglia, and pre-motor ctx, frontoparietal citrucit

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myelinization of corticospinal tract during development

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gross- to fine- motor control

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ideomotor apraxia

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execution of idea of movement impaired/ lesions to L parietal lobes (purposeful movements)

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conceptual apraxia

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knowledge of action lost/ loss of semantic knowledge seen in Alzheimers dementia

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dissociation apraxia (formerly ideational apraxia)

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impairment in action sequences/ frontal lobe damage (dissociation of action programs from language)

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cerebellum

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seamless coordination, unconscious flow, reflex, voluntary, and timing of movements, sequential learning, can differentiate movement freqency at 1/1000 of a second. Aids in posture, balance, and muscle tone.

Front 38

cerebellum lesions cause

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jerky movements, intention tremor (tremor when moving)

Front 39

Tourette's syndrome, Parkinson's (substantia nigra), Huntington's (caudate) all are

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movement disorders caused by basal ganglia damage