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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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transduction (Latin "lead across")
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an environmental stimulus activates a specific receptor cell, creating energy which is transduced into an electrical stimulus that is then carries to neurons for the brain to process
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receptor cell
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not technically neurons, synapse with neurons. Detect numerous stimuli, including sight, sound, pressure, pain, chemical irritation, smell, and taste.
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agnosia
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inability to recognize the form and/or function of objects and people. occurs in every sensory domain.
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tactile agnosia (astereognosis)
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inability to recognize objects by touch, failing to recognize a quarter or a pen held in the hand.
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The man who mistook his wife for a hat (1987)
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Oliver Sacks's story of a music professor who, coming upon his wife standing next to a coat rack, tried to lift her head instead of his hat. Had to rely on distinctive voice characteristics and his other senses for identification
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somatosensory system includes two types of sensory stimulation
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external and internal.
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proprioception
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the system processes external stimulation of touch in recognizing objects by feel and is also concerned with the position of the body in extrapersonal space
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mechanical receptors
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transduce energy from touch, vibration, and the stretching and bending of skin, muscle, internal organs, and blood vessels.
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chemoreceptors
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respond to various chemicals on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes.
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thermoreceptors
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detect heat and cold
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nocioceptors (Latin nocere "to hurt")
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serve as monitors to alert the brain to damage or threat of damage.
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proprioceptors (latin proprius "one's own)
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on skeletal muscles detect movement via degree of stretch, angle, and relative position of limbs.
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spinal-thalamic tract
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ascending pathway carries sensory information related to pain and temperature and runs parallel to the spinal cord. synapses over a wide region of the thalamus, and then to the somatosenosry cortex.
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dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway
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descending information pertaining to touch and vibration. routed up dorsal aspects of the spinal cord to a white matter tract termed the medial lemniscus
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medial lemniscus
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courses through the contralateral side of the brainstem through the medulla, pons, and midbrian, and then up through the thalamus (ventral posterior nucleus) and on to the primary somatosensory ctx.
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stimulation of face
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seperate system through the large trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) which enters the brain through the pons
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sensory homunculus from top to bottom:
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intra-abdominal, pharynx, inside mouth, face, (middle), hand, arm, head, neck, trunk, hip, leg, genitals (inside)
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motor homunculus from top to bottom
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swallowing, inside mouth, face, neck, (middle), hand, arm, trunk, hip, knee, toes (inside)
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1940's Wilder Penfield, neurosurgeon at the Montreal Neurological Institute
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used electrical stimulation to explore the function of the cortex in patients undergoing neurosurgery for the relief of epilepsy in more than 1000 fully conscious patients to map motor, sensory, language, and memory functions
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Brodmann's areas 1,2,3
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somatosensory ctx.
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Brodmann's area 5,7
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secondary somatosensory ctx
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atereognosia in contralateral half caused by damage to
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secondary somatosensory ctx
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tactile suppression, tactile extinction, tactile inattention are
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damage interrupting higher level somatosenosry integration in the parietal area (particularly RH)
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Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological battery includes a sensory-perceptual examination that tests for
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finger agnosia, skin writing recognition, and sensory extinction in the tactile, auditory and visual modalities
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normally, a combination of vision, vestibular organs, and the proprioceptive sense supplies a
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kinsesthetic sense of physical body
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Oliver sack's case of the Disembodied Lady"
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a young woman of 37, suffered a sensory neuritis, feeling of losing parts of her body if she could not see them (opposite of phantom limb)
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