Neuropsychology Ch 6 (154-167)

Front 1

cerebral hemispheres are approximately how old?

Back 1

1 to 3 million years old

Front 2

seperates the parietal and occipital lobes

Back 2

patiertal-occipital fissure and an imaginary extension across the lateral surface of the hemisphere to the occipital notch.

Front 3

naming of cortex related to

Back 3

cranial plates that provide protective covering just superior to the lobes

Front 4

Brodmann (1909) divided the cortical surgace according to

Back 4

architectural arrangement of neurons

Front 5

Brodmann's areas divide brain into

Back 5

52 sections

Front 6

correspondence of architecture of brain to functional regions of brain is

Back 6

not precise

Front 7

Broca's area is aka

Back 7

Brodmann's area 44

Front 8

cerebral ctx organized higher cognitive functions related to the following operations

Back 8

1) analyzing input, or processing of elementary sensory info
2) sorting, organizing, integrating, synthesizing, storing info
3) directing output through motor processing

Front 9

areas with greatest 1:1 structure:function relationship

Back 9

primary somatosensory ctx and primary motor ctx

Front 10

association or polymodal areas

Back 10

complex, highly integrated areas receiving info from multiple modalities

Front 11

occipital input via the occipito-temporal pathway ("what" pathway)

Back 11

supports function of object recognition and perception

Front 12

occipital input to the posterior parietal lobe via the occipital-parietal pathway ("where" pathway) is processed

Back 12

for support of spatial perception

Front 13

prefrontal ctx

Back 13

planning behaviors, perceive consequences of behaviors (personality and conscience)

Front 14

distinct contributions to complex behaviors

Back 14

dorsolateral, orbital, and medial (anterior cingulate) regions

Front 15

dorsolateral prefrontal lobe

Back 15

associated with higher order/ executive functions

Front 16

orbital region

Back 16

intimately involved with the modulation of emotional-social behaviors

Front 17

anterior cingulate

Back 17

central to motivational behavior

Front 18

encoding new info into memories associated with

Back 18

temporal lobes, but also a processing system spanning the limbic system structures as well as aspects of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes.

Front 19

reading requires the systemic contributions of

Back 19

occipital, temporal, parietal, and frontal regions, as well as subcortical regions such as the thalamus and basal ganglia.

Front 20

lesion of parietal-temporal-occipital association area results in a complex neuropsychological deficit such as

Back 20

inability to understand the numeric value of numerals even though the person is able to read them.

Front 21

damage to prefrontal area produces deficits in

Back 21

concentration, ability to solve new problems, planning, and judgment

Front 22

lateralization of function method Broca encountered a location of a function is inferred if

Back 22

damage to a particular area results in loss of that function.

Front 23

lateralization of function method split brain patients who undergo

Back 23

the surgical separation of the corpus callosum, leaving the two hemispheres largely unable to communicate with each other

Front 24

lateralization of function method in epilepsy patients being considered for surgery

Back 24

Wada test

Front 25

Wada test technique

Back 25

while one hemisphere is unconscious, neurologists test the functional abilities of then opposite conscious hemisphere in isolation

Front 26

lateralization of function method where neurosurgeon electrically stimulates

Back 26

specific cortical areas to delineate boundaries of function before removing brain tissue

Front 27

magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)

Back 27

provides visualization of the neurochemical activity of brain material

Front 28

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Back 28

maps the axonal connectivity of brain regions

Front 29

hemispheric asymmetry

Back 29

differentiation in morphology and physiology of the brain between the right and left hemispheres

Front 30

lateralization and dominance

Back 30

refer to the difference in functional specialization between the two hemispheres

Front 31

function most associated with laterality

Back 31

speech

Front 32

Paul Broca determined that damage to the

Back 32

frontal operculum of the left hemisphere resulted in loss of speech (aphasia)

Front 33

speech and language

Back 33

properties of left hemisphere

Front 34

Broca (1861) proposed that a person's preferred handedness was

Back 34

opposite from the hemisphere specialized for language

Front 35

Edinburgh Inventory

Back 35

measure allows for rating of handedness ranging from strong left-handedness to strong right- handedness

Front 36

determination of language laterality made by having participants perform word generation tasks while undergoing Doppler ultrasonography (fTCD)

Back 36

results demonstrated a linear relation: greater the right-handedness, the higher the incidence of left hemisphere language dominance and vice versa

Front 37

support of the initial thought that atypical lateralization particularly for right-handed people was potentially an abnormal sign indicative of brain pathology or perturbations of brain organization

Back 37

finding that a significant number of individuals with brain abnormalities demonstrated atypical lateralization

Front 38

speech is generally lateralized to the left hemisphere for

Back 38

right-handed individuals (95%)

Front 39

majority of left handed individuals show

Back 39

left hemisphere specialization for speech (70%)

Front 40

dorsal view right hemisphere protrudes

Back 40

anteriorly from the frontal lobes and

Front 41

the dorsal view left hemisphere protrudes

Back 41

posteriorly from the parietal-occipital area

Front 42

lateral view Sylbian fissure is

Back 42

steeper in the right hemisphere than in the left resulting in larger parietal and temporal area within the right hemisphere (allows higher level integration of visual, auditory, and proprioceptive information in the more spatially oriented right hemisphere)

Front 43

anterior view- frontal operculum (Broca's area) of

Back 43

of the right hemisphere has a larger surface area

Front 44

left hemisphere surface area more pronounced in

Back 44

the subcortical area

Front 45

horizontal section through middle of brain- shows

Back 45

temporal lobes

Front 46

within superior temporal lobes is

Back 46

Heschl's gyrus (primary auditory ctx)

Front 47

posterior to Heschl's gyrus is

Back 47

planum temporale

Front 48

Heschl's gyrus (primary auditory ctx) of right hemisphere is

Back 48

larger than that of the left hemisphere since in frequently consists of two gyri

Front 49

in the left hemisphere, the planum temporale is

Back 49

larger than that of the right hemisphere

Front 50

Heschl's gyrus may have greater functional responsibility for

Back 50

the nonspeech aspects of language (pitch, tone, melody) and musical processing

Front 51

planum temporale plays a larger role in

Back 51

speech comprehension

Front 52

right hemisphere is

Back 52

1)heavier
2)contains more white matter
3)greater convergence of sensory regions, signaling an increased representation of association regions

Front 53

left hemisphere is

Back 53

1)composed of greater gray matter and more modality-specific sensory cortices
2)more suited for single-modality and intraregion or with-region processing

Front 54

increased association regions of the right hemisphere allows for

Back 54

multimodal and inter-regional processing (association of visual with tactile representation of an apple)

Front 55

left hemisphere better suited for

Back 55

processing information that is linear, sequential, rule-governed, or conforms to specific codes (language).

Front 56

right hemisphere more suited for

Back 56

holistic or global processing of information (orientation of body in space, proprioceptive) or spatial configuration and orientation of objects

Front 57

Gazzaniga's (2000) research with split-brain patients demonstrates

Back 57

processing of certain inputs shows greater association with one or the other hemisphere; yet, heispheres also differ in their processing orientation

Front 58

right hemisphere shows superiority to the left in

Back 58

veridical processing (accuracy of information representation)

Front 59

left hemisphere processes information

Back 59

from an elaborative or explanatory perspective (interpretation and hypothesis gathering)

Front 60

complementary operations

Back 60

involvement of the hemispheres in processing (argues against the rigid mapping of specific functions or processes to either the left or right hemispheres)

Front 61

what factors account for the lateralization of brain functions and what are the advantages of hemispheric specialization? #1

Back 61

1)efficiency and speed of processing would be improved if a hemisphere was specialized for processing

Front 62

disadvantage of hemispheric specialization

Back 62

more function is lost when lateralized hemisphere is damaged

Front 63

what factors account for the lateralization of brain functions and what are the advantages of hemispheric specialization? #2

Back 63

2)if hemispheres shared equally in control of processing/ conflict could occur (stuttering ameliorated with increased left dominance for speech)

Front 64

what factors account for the lateralization of brain functions and what are the advantages of hemispheric specialization? #3

Back 64

3)lateralization of one set of functions within a hemisphere frees the other hemisphere to specialize in a different set of fxns. (space conservation)

Front 65

hemispherectomy (left hemisphere removal) in young children reorganization of language in RH cost

Back 65

disruption of fxns considered lateralized to RH (spatial processing)

Front 66

verbal-sequential processing typically associated with

Back 66

the left hemisphere

Front 67

spatial-holistic processing associated with

Back 67

the right hemisphere

Front 68

smell and taste stimuli project

Back 68

ipsilaterally

Front 69

touch, motor, vision are

Back 69

contralateral

Front 70

auditory stimuli are

Back 70

mostly contralateral but partially ipsilateral

Front 71

dominant hemisphere for verbal abilities (left) is usually more proficient in

Back 71

speech production and understanding

Front 72

left hemisphere responds selectively to what aspect of processing sound?

Back 72

meaningful language

Front 73

congenitally and profoundly deaf individuals recruit what when processing language?

Back 73

similar left hemisphere regions (left inferior and middle frontal, and superior temporal gyrus) as individuals with normal hearing when processing language

Front 74

right hemisphere more adept at processing what aspect of sound?

Back 74

melodic or prosodic aspects of sound

Front 75

right hemisphere dominant functions

Back 75

visuospatial transformations, analysis of complex visual pattens, and reading emotions when expressed as gestures, tonal inflections, and facial expressions

Front 76

right hemisphere damage patients...

Back 76

speak in a monotone, fail to understand emotional expression, miss the gist of conversation, have problems expressing emotions non verbally and verbally, and are limited in their understanding of humor and sarcasm

Front 77

right hemisphere exibits preferential control of

Back 77

attentional functions such as arousal, sustained and selective attention, response inhibition, and self-monitoring

Front 78

LH less involved in attentional functions but does play a role in

Back 78

divided attention